Nucleation of Sn and Sn–Cu alloys on Pt during electrodeposition from Sn–citrate and Sn–Cu–citrate solutions

Han, Chunfen; Liu, Qingxia; Ivey, Douglas G.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2008.12.064

Cited by 52 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the main, tin electrocrystallization in acidic sulfate [7] or tartrate solutions [10] is in agreement with theoretical instantaneous nucleation model followed by three-dimensional (3D) diffusion growth mechanism, but it can change to progressive 3D growth in some conditions [8]. The latter model was also observed in a chloride-citrate system [12] and a hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquid [13]. Proceeding of the initial stages of tin electrodeposition via instantaneous or progressive nucleation with 2D growth control was reported for sulfate-gluconate baths [11].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…These seem to be reasonable when compared with the data presented in the literature [23] for the metallic ions in aqueous solutions at the room temperature. Diffusion coefficients determined in this study are comparable to that obtained for tin ions in sulfate [8], sulfate-gluconate [6], sulfate-tartrate [10], and chloride-citrate [12] solutions. However, it should be noted that speciation of the baths is rather complicated (Fig.…”

Section: Nucleation Stagesupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Comparison of the literature data [12] and the results of this study shows that chloride ions enable progressive nucleation of tin, while in the sulfate system instantaneous nucleation mode can be observed [7,10].…”

Section: Nucleation Stagementioning

confidence: 78%

“…This is in accordance with the voltammetric and potentiostatic data obtained in the previous experiments. Measurements in the galvanostatic mode are relatively seldom used for the investigations of the metal deposition [8,12,30]. In this type of experiment, the current flowing in the cell is instantaneously stepped from zero to some fixed value and the potential of the working electrode is monitored as a function of time [25].…”

Section: Current Step Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early stages of tin electrodeposition on various substrates using electrolytes of different compositions were also presented in the literature [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Nucleation models were derived from both chronoamperometric current transients and microscopic (AFM or scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) observations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of anions on the electrodeposition of tin from acidic gluconate baths

Rudnik

2012

Ionics

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Electrodeposition of tin from acidic gluconate baths (chloride, chloride-sulfate) was investigated. Equilibrium distribution of tin(II) species in both solutions was calculated. Cyclic voltammetric, potentiostatic, and galvanostatic measurements showed that cathodic process can run under limiting current due to the presence of tin complex electroactive species. Average effective diffusion coefficients of metal species were determined. Nucleation of tin occurred through a progressive three-dimensional diffusion growth model. A characteristic of tin deposits was also presented.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Nucleation Stagesupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Nucleation Stagementioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Current Step Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of anions on the electrodeposition of tin from acidic gluconate baths

Rudnik

2012

Ionics

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Electrochemical mechanism of tin membrane electro‐deposition in chloride solutions

Lei

Yang

2016

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND A new membrane electro‐deposition based process for tin recovery from stannous solid waste was introduced. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CHR) was applied to investigate the electrodeposition of tin(II) from a stannous chloride acid electrolyte containing an amine non‐ionic surfactant by using a membrane cell. RESULTS Electrochemical mechanism analysis results showed that 0.3% vol. amine non‐ionic surfactant facilitated ions diffusion by increasing the diffusion coefficient from 8.32E‐12 m2 s−1 to 2.85E‐11 m2 s−1, and inhibited tin(II) ions reduction as well as tin nucleation and hydrogen evolution. The applied ionic membrane did not hinder tin electrodeposition, while tin(II) ions reduction and hydrogen evolution was weakened with increasing HCl concentration from 1.5 to 4.5 mol L−1 and Sn2+ concentration increased from 20 to 80 g L−1. CONCLUSIONS The tin(II) reduction process is proved to be irreversible and diffusion‐controlled, while the nucleation and growth of tin was involved in the process of diffusion for the proton reduction occuring in parallel with tin electrodeposition, and the process follows the mechanism of three‐dimensional instantaneous nucleation and subsequent grain growth limited by diffusion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

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