Effect of anions on the electrodeposition of tin from acidic gluconate baths

Abstract

Electrodeposition of tin from acidic gluconate baths (chloride, chloride-sulfate) was investigated. Equilibrium distribution of tin(II) species in both solutions was calculated. Cyclic voltammetric, potentiostatic, and galvanostatic measurements showed that cathodic process can run under limiting current due to the presence of tin complex electroactive species. Average effective diffusion coefficients of metal species were determined. Nucleation of tin occurred through a progressive three-dimensional diffusion growth model. A characteristic of tin deposits was also presented.

Control of calcium oxalate morphology through electrocrystallization as an electrochemical approach for preventing pathological disease

“…While electrodeposition can be used to direct oriented crystallization of organic or inorganic compounds [16][17][18][19], there are studies concerning the polymorphism control by using electrocrystallization. We believe that electrocrystallization represents a very good model to investigate the transformation of cluster to amorphous precursor materials, time deposition, metastable crystalline polymorphs and to study the effect of crystallization conditions on polymorphism selection with tremendous implications for understanding of biomineralization and of crystallization.…”

Effect of Organic Additives on Electrodeposition of Tin From Acid Sulfate Solution

“…A gelatin colloid is often used as an inhibitor in the electrodeposition of metals; namely, copper [23], tin [7], silver [24], and zinc [25]. Sodium gluconate is a non-corrosive, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable additive to electroplating baths and can be successfully used for the electrodeposition of heavy metals and alloys [15,16,18,[26][27][28]. It shows excellent chelating power to many metals and can form stable complexes not only in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions but also in acidic electrolytes.…”

“…Among them are grain refiners (e.g., aldehydes, thiourea, PEG decyl glucoside, gelatin, peptone) [4][5][6][7], brighteners (e.g., Triton X-100, formaldehyde) [5,8,9], levelling additives (e.g., sesame oil, aromatic carbonyl compounds) [10][11][12], and complexing compounds (e.g., citrate, gluconate, tartrate) [13][14][15][16] were examined. The influence of bath constituents on the course of the early stages of tin electrodeposition and the kinetics of Sn(II) ion reduction was also discussed in some papers [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], as it shows a great influence on the further growth of the metal layer. In turn, Sharma et al [22] showed that the morphology of tin deposits can also be modified by the proper selection of current density, duty cycle, and frequency during pulsed current electrodeposition.…”

Influence of S-dodecylmercaptobenzimidazole as organic additive on electrodeposition of tin

“…It can also be mentioned that the calculation of the diffusion coefficient was made assuming that the active electrode surface has not changed. However, the electrode area has decreased by the adsorption of the additive on the electrode surface [9,34]. This can be explained by the low value of D obtained at the peak potential (Pc 1 ).…”

“…So, the acidic stannous baths worked at ambient temperature and they are easy in operation. In this case, the uniform coatings were obtained only when the organic compounds were added to the electrolyte [9]. In addition, for the tinning baths free of organic additives; the tin was strongly deposited at low over-potential [10] and the obtained deposit was porous and dendritic [11].…”