Novel Inorganic Nanomaterial-Based Therapy for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Extensive bone defect repair remains a clinical challenge, since ideal implantable scaffolds require the integration of excellent biocompatibility, sufficient mechanical strength and high biological activity to support bone regeneration. The inorganic nanomaterial-based therapy is of great significance due to their excellent mechanical properties, adjustable biological interface and diversified functions. Calcium–phosphorus compounds, silica and metal-based materials are the most common categories of inorganic nanomaterials for bone defect repairing. Nano hydroxyapatites, similar to natural bone apatite minerals in terms of physiochemical and biological activities, are the most widely studied in the field of biomineralization. Nano silica could realize the bone-like hierarchical structure through biosilica mineralization process, and biomimetic silicifications could stimulate osteoblast activity for bone formation and also inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Novel metallic nanomaterials, including Ti, Mg, Zn and alloys, possess remarkable strength and stress absorption capacity, which could overcome the drawbacks of low mechanical properties of polymer-based materials and the brittleness of bioceramics. Moreover, the biodegradability, antibacterial activity and stem cell inducibility of metal nanomaterials can promote bone regeneration. In this review, the advantages of the novel inorganic nanomaterial-based therapy are summarized, laying the foundation for the development of novel bone regeneration strategies in future.

Recent Advances in Synthetic and Natural Biomaterials‐Based Therapy for Bone Defects

“…Regarding metallic materials, such as Ti and alloys, they possess a remarkable strength and stress absorption capacity that could overcome the drawbacks of low mechanical properties of polymers and the brittleness of ceramics. [343] Moreover, several polymeric (natural and synthetic) materials have been employed for bone tissue engineering purposes and many properties can affect their biocompatibility such as material chemistry, molecular weight, solubility, shape, and structure of the implant, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, water absorption, lubricity, surface energy, and degradation rates. It is worth to remark that no polymer type possesses the ideal properties for all applications.…”

Current Methods in the Study of Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration

“…On the other hand, they are not bioabsorbable, and their long-term safety is unknown. Titanium-based nanomaterials exhibit high load-bearing strength and biocompatibility, but are not bioresorbable and have a slow biological response and low antimicrobial resistance [ 21 ]. Lastly, liposomes possess excellent drug-retention ability [ 22 ], but are unsuitable for forming scaffolds on their own, since they cannot be processed into fibrous forms, such as polymers.…”

Preparation of BMP-2/PDA-BCP Bioceramic Scaffold by DLP 3D Printing and its Ability for Inducing Continuous Bone Formation

“…Understandably, an ideal bone scaffold is expected to possess these properties ( Ricciardi and Bostrom, 2013 ): 1) a match between the shape and size of the scaffold with the irregular and customized recipient site; 2) adequate porosity for new bone growth and new vessels; 3) mechanical properties consistent with the surrounding native bone; 4) cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the scaffold; and 5) osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity of the scaffold materials. Therefore, a variety of biomaterials and manufacturing methods have been developed to fabricate patient-specific bone scaffolds in the past decades for repairing bone defects ( Fu et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ).…”