Novel Diabetic Foot Wound Dressing Based on Multifunctional Hydrogels with Extensive Temperature-Tolerant, Durable, Adhesive, and Intrinsic Antibacterial Properties
Abstract:Diabetic
foot ulcers (DFUs) are hard-healing chronic wounds and
susceptible to bacterial infection. Conventional hydrogel dressings
easily lose water at high temperature or freeze at low temperature,
making them unsuitable for long-term use or in extreme environments.
Herein, a temperature-tolerant (−20 to 60 °C) antibacterial
hydrogel dressing is fabricated by the assembly of polyacrylamide,
gelatin, and ε-polylysine. Owing to the water/glycerin (Gly)
binary solvent system, the resultant hydrogel (G-PAGL) dis… Show more
“…Hence, many researchers incorporated glycerin into hydrogels, which improved their toughness, transparency, conductivity and thermoplasticity [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Various possible combinations of glycerin with the crosslinked polymers, such as: methoxyl pectin/gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose [ 40 ], chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [ 41 ], polyacrylamide/gelatin/ε-polylysine [ 42 ], and PVA/sodium alginate [ 43 ] have been observed.…”
The impact of different amounts of glycerin, which was used in the system of sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) (SA/PVA) hydrogel materials on the properties, such as gel fraction, swelling ability, degradation in simulated body fluids, morphological analysis, and elongation tests were presented. The study shows a significant decrease in the gel fraction from 80.5 ± 2.1% to 45.0 ± 1.2% with the increase of glycerin content. The T5 values of the tested hydrogels were varied and range from 88.7 °C to 161.5 °C. The presence of glycerin in the matrices significantly decreased the thermal resistance, which was especially visible by T10 changes (273.9 to 163.5 °C). The degradation tests indicate that most of the tested materials do not degrade throughout the incubation period and maintain a constant ion level after 7-day incubation. The swelling abilities in distilled water and phosphate buffer solution are approximately 200–300%. However, we noticed that these values decrease with the increase in glycerin content. All tested matrices are characterized by the maximum elongation rate at break in a range of 37.6–69.5%. The FT-IR analysis exhibits glycerin changes in hydrogel structures, which is associated with the cross-linking reaction. Additionally, cytotoxicity results indicate good adhesion properties and no toxicity towards normal human dermal fibroblasts.
“…Hence, many researchers incorporated glycerin into hydrogels, which improved their toughness, transparency, conductivity and thermoplasticity [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Various possible combinations of glycerin with the crosslinked polymers, such as: methoxyl pectin/gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose [ 40 ], chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [ 41 ], polyacrylamide/gelatin/ε-polylysine [ 42 ], and PVA/sodium alginate [ 43 ] have been observed.…”
The impact of different amounts of glycerin, which was used in the system of sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) (SA/PVA) hydrogel materials on the properties, such as gel fraction, swelling ability, degradation in simulated body fluids, morphological analysis, and elongation tests were presented. The study shows a significant decrease in the gel fraction from 80.5 ± 2.1% to 45.0 ± 1.2% with the increase of glycerin content. The T5 values of the tested hydrogels were varied and range from 88.7 °C to 161.5 °C. The presence of glycerin in the matrices significantly decreased the thermal resistance, which was especially visible by T10 changes (273.9 to 163.5 °C). The degradation tests indicate that most of the tested materials do not degrade throughout the incubation period and maintain a constant ion level after 7-day incubation. The swelling abilities in distilled water and phosphate buffer solution are approximately 200–300%. However, we noticed that these values decrease with the increase in glycerin content. All tested matrices are characterized by the maximum elongation rate at break in a range of 37.6–69.5%. The FT-IR analysis exhibits glycerin changes in hydrogel structures, which is associated with the cross-linking reaction. Additionally, cytotoxicity results indicate good adhesion properties and no toxicity towards normal human dermal fibroblasts.
“…They established that the G-PAGL with 20% (wt/vol) EPL exerted the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and the inherent and long-lasting antimicrobial properties conferred by ε-PL were considered essential for G-PAGL hydrogels used as DFU wound dressings. 74 Figure 5 Digital image of E. coli ( A ) and S. aureus ( C ) clones on an AGAR plate after exposure; reproduced from Xu Z, Xu Z, Feng X, Xu D, Liang J, Xu H. Recent advances in the biotechnological production of microbial poly(ɛ-L-lysine) and understanding of its biosynthetic mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.…”
Section: Antibacterial Hydrogels Based On Natural Bioactive Ingredientsmentioning
Diabetic chronic wounds or amputation, which are complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), are a cause of great suffering for diabetics. In addition to the lack of oxygen, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced vascularization, microbial invasion is also a critical factor that induces non-healing chronic diabetic wounds, ie, wounds still remaining in the stage of inflammation, after which the wound tissue begins to age and becomes necrotic. To clear up the infection, alleviate the inflammation in the wound and prevent necrosis, many kinds of hydrogel have been fabricated to eliminate infections with pathogens. The unique properties of hydrogels make them ideally suited to wound dressings because they provide a moist environment for wound healing and act as a barrier against bacteria. This review article will mainly cover the recent developments and innovations of antibacterial hydrogels for diabetic chronic wound healing.
“…Evaluation of the Water Retention Capacity of the NPs@PAM Hydrogel: Water retention capacities of the hydrogel in air and in a simulated wound environment were evaluated as previously described. [30,31] Briefly, cylindrical hydrogel samples with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 4 mm were placed in an air environment (25 °C, 30% relative humidity) and in simulated wound environments (37 °C and covered with tapes), respectively. At different intervals, optical sizes and weights of the hydrogel samples in the air and simulated wound environments were respectively recorded within one week.…”
Section: Synthesis and Characterization Of The Pani-g-megcmentioning
Antibacterial hydrogel wound dressing is highly desirable in wound healing and infection control. However, the development of antibacterial hydrogels with controllable antibacterial properties and adequate mechanical properties without bacterial resistance and potential toxicity remains a challenge. Herein, a double bonds-ended polyaniline nanoparticle (Me-PANI NP) is synthesized, which can convert light energy into heat upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, and it is used as a novel photothermal antibacterial agent. The obtained bonds-ended Me-PANI NPs are subsequently involved in polyacrylamide (PAM) polymerization and served as chemical crosslinking points to form the Me-PANI NPs@PAM hydrogel, endowing the hydrogel with controllable photothermal antibacterial abilities upon NIR irradiation without time and space limit. Importantly, due to the energy dissipation of Me-PANI NPs under stretch, the Me-PANI NPs@PAM hydrogel achieves a maximum stretching ratio of 400% mechanical flexibility. The developed hydrogel can be potentially applied as a novel wound dressing to realize controllable treatment of bacterial infections and accelerate skin wound healing.
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