Novel Approaches Utilizing Metal-Organic Framework Composites for the Extraction of Organic Compounds and Metal Traces from Fish and Seafood

Abstract

The determination of organic and inorganic pollutants in fish samples is a complex and demanding process, due to their high protein and fat content. Various novel sorbents including graphene, graphene oxide, molecular imprinted polymers, carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported for the extraction and preconcentration of a wide range of contaminants from fish tissue. MOFs are crystalline porous materials that are composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic linkers. Those materials exhibit extraordinary properties including high surface area, tunable pore size as well as good thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, metal-organic frameworks have been recently used in many fields of analytical chemistry including sample pretreatment, fabrication of stationary phases and chiral separations. Various MOFs, and especially their composites or hybrids, have been successfully utilized for the sample preparation of fish samples for the determination of organic (i.e., antibiotics, antimicrobial compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) and inorganic pollutants (i.e., mercury, palladium, cadmium, lead, etc.) as such or after functionalization with organic compounds.

Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples

“…Metal-organic frameworks are a class of hybrid organic-inorganic supramolecular materials, which are based on the coordination of metal ions or clusters with bi-or multidentate organic linkers. What makes MOFs materials so attractive is their unique properties, such as high surface areas (up to 14,600 m 2 •g −1 ) [35], pore size tunability, structure flexibility, luminosity, thermal stability, charge transfer ability from the ligand to the metal or from the metal to the ligands, etc [21,[36][37][38][39]. As a result, MOFs have gained attention in a plethora of applications, such as gas storage and separation [40], catalysis [41], sensors [42], detoxification [43] and drug delivery [44].…”

“…Their structures are similar to conventional aluminosilicate zeolites. Due to their intrinsic porous characteristics and abundant functionalities, as well as exceptional thermal and chemical stabilities, ZIFs have a wide range of potential applications [37,51].…”

Bioanalytical HPLC Applications of In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction: A Two-Decade Overview

“…MOFs exhibit a plethora of extraordinary properties, such as high surface area, tunability of pore size and functionality, luminosity, flexibility of their structure, and thermal stability. MOFs have been evaluated for their applications in analytical chemistry, both as sorbents in sample preparation and as stationary phases in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [109][110][111]. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a subclass of MOFs that combine the benefits of zeolites and MOFs.…”

Advanced materials on sample preparation for safety analysis of aquatic products

“…MOFs have been widely used in materials science and analytical science due to their unique structures and properties such as permanent nanoscale porosity, large surface areas (up to 6240 m 2 /g [69]), ultralow densities, uniform structured cavities with size-selectivity, and abundant active sites [70]. These advantages also make MOFs popular in sample preparation of aquatic products to improve the efficiency of the extraction and enrichment and achieve better recover-ies [29,71,72]. Currently, MOFs have been used in sample preparation for selective separation and analysis of different compounds from aquatic products such as neurotoxin [73], heavy metals [74], antibiotics drugs [75][76][77][78], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [79].…”

“…Currently, MOFs have been used in sample preparation for selective separation and analysis of different compounds from aquatic products such as neurotoxin [73], heavy metals [74], antibiotics drugs [75][76][77][78], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [79]. The size-selective adsorption process of guest molecules on MOF is mainly performed in the cavities, and the specific adsorption is attributed to the interaction between active sites and analytes including π-π interactions, Hbonding, and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions, etc [70][71][72]. Yang et al [74] developed zirconium-based MOF as SPE sorbent for the extraction of organic mercury in fish.…”