Not just racial quotas: affirmative action in Brazilian higher education 10 years later

Colonial legacies in internationalisation of higher education: racial justice and geopolitical redress in South Africa and Brazil

“…In 2007, it implemented the Program of Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities (REUNI) to expand the federal university system, creating evening courses and opening new campuses (Paiva 2013), including two inter-regional universities for Latin America and CPLP countries (McCowan 2016b). In 2012, the Supreme Court declared the affirmative action policy of race-targeting quotas legal, and in 2013, the government made them mandatory for federal universities (Schwartzman and Paiva 2014). In 2003, Lula da Silva sanctioned Law n°10.639, which mandates the teaching of the history and culture of Africa and Afro-Brazilians at all levels of education.…”

“…South Africa and Brazil offer compelling cases for comparison because they share important characteristics: in both countries, histories of colonial occupation (apartheid and Portuguese colonialism) have provided the grounds for what today are highly unequal higher education systems (Badat 2008;Schwartzman and Paiva 2014); both represent attractive study destinations for growing numbers of regional students (Kotecha 2012;Milani, Da Conceição, and M'Bunde 2016); both aspire to regional leadership roles (Flemes and Wojczewski 2010), and both countries have made efforts to improve access to higher education for historically excluded student populations (Akoojee and Nkomo 2011). Moreover, public universities in both countries must strike a balance between the imperative of global competition (e.g.…”

Chess game for affirmative action at UFRJ

“…new national commitments to the recognition of national diversity and to the fight against forms of ethnic-racial discrimination. Several studies suggested that the preparatory activities held by local and federal governments, the black movement and scholars, the debate in the media and the conference itself were decisive to the pursuit of affirmative actions in Brazil (Htun 2004;Telles 2004;Schwartzman and Paiva 2016). Not coincidently, in 2002, the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a law that led Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ) and State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF) to be the first two Brazilian universities to adopt race-based quotas.…”

What Factors Influence Affirmative-Action Students' Achievement in Brazilian Federal Universities?

“…The conceptual framework followed Astin's (1993) I-E-O model, which supports the use of ordinary least squares when measuring student-level results from various universities instead of the more traditionally used hierarchical linear model (Astin & Denson, 2009). By accounting for previous abilities and characteristics, through the inputs block, the correlation relationship between the environmental and 30 Not in the scope of this study is the attrition rate of higher education students in Brazil in general, which is speculated to be very high (L. F. Schwartzman & Paiva, 2016). One would suspect that for underrepresented students that number might be higher.…”

“…In other words, after including all the variables (i.e., the characteristics and family demographics, high school variables, precollege variables, economic variables, social support variables, and individual involvement variables), how well does the model explain the performance of quotaadmitted students' performance in the ENADE exam? 7 Not within the scope of this study is the attrition rate of higher education students in Brazil in general, which are speculated to be very high (Schwartzman & Paiva, 2016). One would suspect that this number might be higher for underrepresented students, though Cardoso (2008) and Bezzera (2011) found that quota-students had lower attrition rates than non-quota students.…”