Nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis B virus infection in a pediatric hematology and oncology unit in South Africa: Epidemiological investigation and measures to prevent further transmission
Abstract:Background
Hospital‐acquired hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been well described and continues to occur worldwide. Recent nosocomial outbreaks have been linked to unsafe injection practices, use of multi‐dose vials, and poor staff compliance with standard precautions. This report describes a nosocomial outbreak that occurred in a pediatric hematology and oncology unit of a large academic hospital, the epidemiological investigation of the outbreak, and preventive measures implemented to limit further in‐h… Show more
“…sexual contact) (Zhang et al, 2008), period (e.g. outbreak of HBV infection) (Büchner et al, 2015) 1990 and later. When the data is divided into consecutive 3-year age groups and cohorts, the prevalence is highest among 41-43 year-old group during 2001-2003, being 5.9% (Table 1).…”
“…sexual contact) (Zhang et al, 2008), period (e.g. outbreak of HBV infection) (Büchner et al, 2015) 1990 and later. When the data is divided into consecutive 3-year age groups and cohorts, the prevalence is highest among 41-43 year-old group during 2001-2003, being 5.9% (Table 1).…”
“…Various problems have emerged in the control of hospital-based viral infections, including nosocomial outbreaks of Ebola virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, hepatitis B virus (HBV) , and norovirus (Büchner et al, 2015;Hsieh, 2015;Kilmarx et al, 2014;Saegeman et al, 2015) . Healthcare workers (HCWs) must wear appropriate personal protective clothing (PPC) when caring for infected patients in various situations.…”
Healthcare workers should wear appropriate personal protective clothing (PPC) on assuming the risk of exposure to various pathogens. Therefore, it is important to understand PPC performance against pathogen penetration. Currently, standard methods to evaluate and classify the penetration resistance of PPC fabrics with pressure using synthetic blood or phi-X174 phage have been established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). However, the penetration of viral liquid drops (VLDrop) on the PPC without pressure is also a major exposure route and more realistic, necessitating further studies. Here, we evaluated the penetration resistance against VLDrop without pressure using phi-X174 phage on woven and nonwoven fabrics of commercially available PPC classified by the ISO, and analyzed in detail the penetration behaviors of VLDrop by quantifying the phage amounts in leakthrough and migration into test fabrics. Our results showed that some nonwoven test fabrics had nearly the same penetration resistance against VLDrop, even if the ISO resistance class differed. Furthermore, the results revealed that the amount of leakage through the fabrics was correlated with the migration amount into the fabric, which was related to fluid-repellency of fabrics, suggesting the effectiveness for penetration resistance. Our study may facilitate more appropriate selection for PPC against pathogen penetration.
“…Non-adherence to well-established safe injecting practices, such as recapping needles after use (1,(5)(6) , not using gloves to give injections or reusing disposable supplies (7) , can result in transmission of microorganisms to the patient (7)(8)(9) , accidents and exposure to biological material (10) , posing risks for the professional and for the community.…”
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a conduta referida de profissionais da enfermagem, do estado de São Paulo, sobre Práticas de Medicações Injetáveis. Método: Estudo tipo survey que identificou a frequência referida sobre Práticas de Medicações Injetáveis mediante resposta de questionário eletrônico, validado, entre setembro e dezembro de 2017. Resultados: Considerando as 1.295 respostas computadas, foram identificadas inconformidades como compartilhamento de frascos multidoses para dois ou mais pacientes (10,8%), reutilização de insumos de uso único, como seringas para salinização de pacientes diferentes (1,2%) e reencape de agulhas após uso (4,9%). Foram referidas maior adesão ao uso de luvas para administração de injeções endovenosas (80,5%) e falta de treinamento para manipulação de dispositivos de segurança (13%). Dados correlacionais apontaram que, quanto maior a idade, melhor era a conduta referida na prática de injetáveis. Conclusão: Embora a maioria das condutas configure-se dentro das Boas Práticas de Medicações Injetáveis, há relatos de práticas de risco, como compartilhamento de insumos de uso único. O treinamento para uso de dispositivos de segurança ainda não é uma realidade para todos os profissionais, visto que muitos o referiram como raro.
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