Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Update to the Alternative Path to Successful Targeted Anti-Migraine Drugs

Abstract

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) limits transportation to the brain of possible treatment moieties. Specific stimulation of the brain through olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways by BBB has been taken into consideration for the development of a wide spectrum of brain therapeutics. The intranasal delivery path delivers the drugs through the brain, eliminating any side effects and increasing neurotherapeutics performance. Diverse drug delivery systems (DDDss) for reaching the brain via the nasal route have been researched over the past few decades. Large-scale molecular biologics, such as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), gene vectors, and stem cells, can be administered intranasally, as a method for the management of a range of CNS illnesses, including stroke, Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis, Migraine, Alzheimer's diseases, epilepsy, and mental disorders. New DDSs, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and polymeric micelles, have acquired potentials in the nasal mucosa and central nervous system (CNS), as effective means of concentrating the brain without toxicity. Differential nasal cavity structures posed a significant obstacle in ineffective drugs beyond the nasal valve. Pharmaceutical firms have increasingly used emerging techniques for the production of new nasal pharmaceutical drugs to overcome these obstacles. This review aims to identify the new advances in the nasal administration of brain-based DDSs for Migraines.

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“…The trigeminal pathway is a principal nerve pathway that terminates in the olfactory bulbs and activates the respiratory and olfactory epithelium of the nasal passages. [10] The trigeminal nerve consists of three divisions: Maxillary, ocular, and mandibular, which deliver sensory data from the nasal cavity, mouth, and CNS to the eyelids and corneal nervous system. The third integrates sensory and motor processes, as opposed to the first two, which are sensory processes.…”

Orodispersible Tablet in Treatment of Migraine: Opportunities, Challenges and Recent Advancements

“… Nasal route is another way of drug administration but however there are several factors including drug retention time & nasal mucosal permeability, while ODTs are free from this factors 5 .…”

Zolmitriptan for Early Onset of Action in Acute Migraine Attacks

“…The importance of this in managing acute migraine attacks has been debated, but has spurred the development of specialized devices intended to deposit drugs primarily into this cavity. 11 The transdermal route similarly bypasses first-pass metabolism, but requires the drug to be lipophilic. Furthermore, there can be great variability in the rate and degree of absorption based on the location, thickness and health of the skin.…”