North American Contact Dermatitis Group Patch-Test Results, 2001-2002 Study Period

Pratt, Melanie D.; Belsito, D.; DeLeo, Vincent A.; Fowler, Joseph F.; Fransway, Anthony F.; Maibach, Howard I.; Marks, James G.; Mathias, C. G. Toby; Rietschel, Robert L.; Sasseville, Denis; Sherertz, Elizabeth F.; Storrs, Frances J.; Taylor, James S.; Zug, Kathryn A.

doi:10.1097/01206501-200412000-00003

Cited by 128 publications

(194 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, only rarely -in the case of formaldehyde sensitivity -can a clear-cut relationship can be established between the use of a particular product and induction or exacerbation of dermatitis, thereby ascertaining relevance. Indeed, in the NACDG studies, the percentages of patients with 'possible relevance' far exceeded that of the percentage for 'definite/probable relevance' (62,68,73). The difficulty of finding relevant products is also attested by the fact that even in patients actively trying to avoid products containing formaldehyde, the dermatitis will infrequently heal completely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The threshold for no response to a formaldehyde-containing antiperspirant in another study was 80 p.p.m., patients were reacting down to 150 p.p.m. (cited by (62). In an old study involving one formaldehyde-sensitive individual, flare of vesicular hand eczema could be provoked by immersing the finger in a 0.2 p.p.m.…”

Section: Use Tests With Formaldehyde-containing Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers

et al. 2009

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This is one of series of review articles on formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers (others: formaldehyde in cosmetics, in clothes and in metalworking fluids and miscellaneous). Thirty-five chemicals were identified as being formaldehyde-releasers. Although a further seven are listed in the literature as formaldehyde-releasers, data are inadequate to consider them as such beyond doubt. Several (nomenclature) mistakes and outdated information are discussed. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde allergy are reviewed: applications, exposure scenarios, legislation, patch testing problems, frequency of sensitization, relevance of positive patch test reactions, clinical pattern of allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde, prognosis, threshold for elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis, analytical tests to determine formaldehyde in products and frequency of exposure to formaldehyde and releasers. The frequency of contact allergy to formaldehyde is consistently higher in the USA (8-9%) than in Europe (2-3%). Patch testing with formaldehyde is problematic; the currently used 1% solution may result in both false-positive and false-negative (up to 40%) reactions. Determining the relevance of patch test reactions is often challenging. What concentration of formaldehyde is safe for sensitive patients remains unknown. Levels of 200-300 p.p.m. free formaldehyde in cosmetic products have been shown to induce dermatitis from short-term use on normal skin. Formaldehyde is a common cause of contact allergy. In Europe, 2-3% of patients suspected of contact dermatitis have positive patch test reactions, and in the USA prevalence rates of sensitization of 8-9% are reported in this selected group of patients. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by formaldehyde is often chronic, presumably because it is difficult to avoid exposure to the allergen completely. Indeed, formaldehyde may be found in many cosmetics, toiletries, household products such as washing and cleaning agents and in a great number of industrial applications including adhesives, paints, lacquers and metalworking fluids. Often, the products are not preserved with formaldehyde itself, but with agents that release formaldehyde under usage conditions, the so-called formaldehydereleasers (or formaldehyde donors). Well-known examples are quaternium-15, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, preservatives frequently used in cosmetic products. Industrial products such as metalworking fluids frequently contain formaldehyde donors, such as the Bioban ® product range of biocides and tris(N-hydroxyethyl) hexahydrotriazine (better known by its trade name Grotan ® BK).Other products containing and releasing formaldehyde are the formaldehyde resins including urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resins. These were formerly used extensively as textile

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Use Tests With Formaldehyde-containing Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers

et al. 2009

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“…3,4 Furthermore, the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) determined that 16.7% of 4913 patients were nickel sensitized in 2001 and 2002. 5 Nonoccupational risk factors of nickel sensitization include young age (probably because of exposure to nickel-releasing jewelry), 2,6 smoking (mechanism unknown), 7 and ear piercing. 6,8 The risk of sensitization from ear piercing is especially high when damaged epidermis and epithelialized channels are exposed to nickel.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel release from earrings purchased in the United States: The San Francisco earring study

Thyssen

Maibach

2008

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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“…Contact allergy to epoxy resins is widespread in dermatitis patients with a reported prevalence ranging from 0.9 to 2.3%. [17][18][19][20] Reported prevalences in occupational settings are higher, with between 11.7 and 12.5% of cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) attributable to epoxy chemicals. 21 Studies from workplaces found exceptionally high rates of ACD from ERS in aircraft manufacturing workers (56%) 7 and marble workers (45%) 22 , amongst others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxy Resin Monomers with Reduced Skin Sensitizing Potency

O’Boyle

Niklasson

Tehrani‐Bagha

et al. 2014

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Epoxy resin monomers, including diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and F (DGEBA and DGEBF), are extensively used as building blocks for thermosetting polymers. However, they are known to cause widespread contact allergy. This research describes a number of alternative epoxy resin monomers, designed with the aim of reducing the skin sensitizing potency whilst maintaining the ability to form thermosetting polymers. The compounds were designed, synthesized, assessed for skin sensitizing potency using the in vivo murine local lymph node assay, and tested for technical applicability using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. All the novel epoxy resin monomers had decreased skin sensitization potencies compared to DGEBA and DGEBF. With respect to EC3 values, which is the estimated concentration of a substance required to induce a 3-fold increase in sensitization compared to a control, the best of the new monomers had a value approximately 2.5 times higher than those of DGEBA and DGEBF. The diepoxides were reacted with triethylenetetramine and four out of the six novel monomers gave polymers with a thermal stability comparable to that obtained with DGEBA and DGEBF. The new epoxy resin monomers have the potential to replace DGEBA and DGEBF, leading to a decreased incidence of contact allergy due to epoxy resins, decreased healthcare costs, and an increased quality of life for those handling thermosetting materials.

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North American Contact Dermatitis Group Patch-Test Results, 2001-2002 Study Period

Cited by 128 publications

References 0 publications

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde‐releasers

Nickel release from earrings purchased in the United States: The San Francisco earring study

Epoxy Resin Monomers with Reduced Skin Sensitizing Potency

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