Normative values for the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Fear Questionnaire, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory.

Gillis, Martha M.; Haaga, David A. F.; Ford, Gary T.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.450

Cited by 214 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A similar pattern was reported for 12-month prevalence (1.9% vs. 2.2%, Grant et al, 2005). Although there is no evidence of racial differences in the frequency and intensity of worry in nonclinical samples (Gillis, Haaga, & Ford, 1995;Scott, Eng, & Heimerg, 2002), there are differences in the content of worries. African-Americans report fewer worries about relationships, lack of confidence, future, and work incompetence than Whites (Scott et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care

Brenes

Knudson

McCall

et al. 2008

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Despite the prevalence and impact of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in the primary care setting, little is known about its presentation in this setting. The purpose of this study is to examine age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of GAD in medical patients. Participants were recruited from one family medicine clinic and one internal medicine clinic. The prevalence of GAD was lowest for older adults. Age differences were found in the presentation of GAD, with young adults reporting greater cognitive symptoms of anxiety, negative affect, and depressive symptoms. African-Americans with GAD reported more positive affect and lower rates of treatment. The lower levels of negative affect and depressive symptoms reported among older adults may affect the recognition of GAD by primary care physicians. Further research is needed to better understand the causes of racial differences in treatment.

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mentioning

confidence: 56%

Age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care

Brenes

Knudson

McCall

et al. 2008

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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“…Respondents rate each item using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (none) to 3 (always). A mean score of 6, with a standard deviation of 8, has been reported for a mostly European American non-disordered population (Gillis, Haaga, & Ford, 1995), in addition to an internal consistency coefficient of .92 (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988). …”

Section: Beck Anxiety Inventory (Bai)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factor structure and construct validity of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index among island Puerto Ricans

Cintrón

Carter

Suchday

et al. 2005

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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The factor structure and convergent and discriminant validity of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) were examined among a sample of 275 island Puerto Ricans. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) comparing our data to factor solutions commonly reported as representative of European American and Spanish populations indicated a poor fit. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that a two-factor solution (Factor 1, Anxiety Sensitivity; Factor 2, Emotional Concerns) provided the best fit. Correlations between the ASI and anxiety measures were moderately high providing evidence of convergent validity, while correlations between the ASI and BDI were significantly lower providing evidence of discriminant validity. Scores on all measures were positively correlated with acculturation, suggesting that those who ascribe to more traditional Hispanic culture report elevated anxiety. #

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“…The participants included in the present analyses were those who had a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; Beck, Ward, Mendelsohn, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) score under 10 and a Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988) score under 19. These cutoffs were chosen according to normative data in order to exclude BDI-II scores at or above the 99th percentile (i.e., a cutoff score of 10; Knight, 2006) and BAI scores at or above the 90th percentile (i.e., a cutoff score of 19; Gillis, Haaga, & Ford, 1995). The anxiety score cutoff was deliberately more conservative (i.e., excluded a greater proportion of participants) so as to make sure that the high-anxiety participants recruited as part of the larger sample were not included.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, for the behavioral analyses all 43 participants were included, but for the eyetracking analyses only 39 participants were included (ages 18-21; 21 men, 18 women). The participants included in the analyses for this study were a subset of those tested as part of a larger study (Mickley Steinmetz, 2011) & Ford, 1995). The anxiety score cutoff was deliberately more conservative (i.e., excluded a greater proportion of participants) so as to make sure that the high-anxiety participants recruited as part of the larger sample were not included.…”

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confidence: 99%

The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

Steinmetz

Kensinger

2012

Mem Cogn

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Although it has been suggested that many effects of emotion on memory are attributable to attention, in the present study we addressed the hypothesis that such effects may relate to a number of different factors during encoding or postencoding. One way to look at the effects of emotion on memory is by examining the emotion-induced memory trade-off, whereby enhanced memory for emotional items often comes at the cost of memory for surrounding background information. We present evidence that this trade-off cannot be explained solely by overt attention (measured via eyetracking) directed to the emotional items during encoding. Participants did not devote more overt attention to emotional than to neutral items when those items were selectively remembered (at the expense of their backgrounds). Only when participants were asked to answer true/false questions about the items and the backgrounds-a manipulation designed to affect both overt attention and poststimulus elaboration-was there a reduction in selective emotional item memory due to an increase in background memory. These results indicate that the allocation of overt visual attention during encoding is not sufficient to predict the occurrence of selective item memory for emotional items.Keywords Memory . Attention . Emotion . Eye-tracking Emotional information is usually remembered better than neutral information (see Reisberg & Heuer, 2004), but the mechanisms behind this enhancement are still unclear. The increased memory for emotional information may be due to a number of different factors. For example, emotional stimuli may be more likely to attract and sustain attention (Anderson, 2005;Calvo & Lang, 2004), and emotional stimuli may also be more likely to evoke cognitive processing, elaboration, and rehearsal (Hamann, 2001;Libkuman, Stabler, & Otani, 2004).Many studies have provided evidence for the emotional prioritization of attention. People are quicker to notice emotional information within a visual array (Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001), are more likely to notice emotional words that are presented very quickly (Anderson & Phelps, 2001), and are more susceptible to interference from emotional than from neutral distractors (McKenna & Sharma, 1995;Schimmack & Derryberry, 2005). These behavioral effects of emotion on attention have also been shown in studies that have used eye gaze as a measure of overt visual attention: People tend to fixate first and to look longer at emotional pictures that are presented side by side with neutral pictures (Calvo & Lang, 2004;Nummenmaa, Hyönä, & Calvo, 2006). In addition, people fixate longer on irrelevant emotional distractor pictures than on neutral ones (Bannerman, Milders, & Sahraie, 2009;Calvo & Lang, 2004;Koster, Crombez, Verschuere, & De Houwer, 2004;Nummenmaa et al., 2006;Sarter, Givens, & Bruno, 2001). Thus, it seems that attention is initially focused on emotional information and that it is harder for participants to disengage attention from that information.The attention mediation hypothesis of the emoti...

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Normative values for the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Fear Questionnaire, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory.

Cited by 214 publications

References 28 publications

Age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care

Age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care

Factor structure and construct validity of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index among island Puerto Ricans

The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

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