Normative reference values on handgrip strength among healthy adults of Dhulikhel, Nepal: A cross-sectional study

Bimali, Inosha; Opsana, Regmi; Jeebika, Shrestha

doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_785_19

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The central artery becomes stiff as the ratio of elastin to collagen gradually decreases with age [29–31], but the peripheral artery is less affected by aging because it contain a large proportion of smooth muscle cells [32]. Given that HGS decreases with age [33], our findings that HGS is more reflective of central stiffness than peripheral stiffness seems plausible. Although a small-scale study limited to patients with coronary heart disease [34], one study reported that HGS was correlated with exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake and distance walked on a 6-min walk test) and could be used to predict the level of exercise capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Role of arterial stiffness in the association between hand grip strength and cardiovascular events: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Kim

Choi

et al. 2021

Journal of Hypertension

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Background: Hand grip strength (HGS) has been associated with cardiovascular events. However, the exact mechanism responsible for the inverse association between HGS and cardiovascular events has not been established. The aim of this study was to assess whether arterial stiffness mediates this association.Methods: We studied 1508 participants (age; 60 AE 5, men; 47.5%) from the Ansan cohort of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study. Participants were assessed for various parameters of arterial stiffness as well as HGS. The augmentation index (AIx) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were evaluated by using an applanation tonometer and automated waveform analyzer, respectively. Carotid intima medial thickness (IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasonogram with a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer. HGS was evaluated using a Jamar dynamometer.Results: With increased grip strength, AIx decreased (r ¼ 0.437, P < 0.001). baPWV (r ¼ 0.044, P ¼ 0.107) and carotid IMT (r ¼ 0.005, P ¼ 0.856) had no significant correlation with grip strength. This trend was consistently observed regardless of hypertension, but was more pronounced in participants with hypertension. Conclusion:HGS was significantly correlated with AIx, but not with baPWV and carotid IMT. Our findings suggest that central arterial stiffness could mediate the association between HGS and cardiovascular events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Role of arterial stiffness in the association between hand grip strength and cardiovascular events: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Kim

Choi

et al. 2021

Journal of Hypertension

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“…Hand grip strength (HGS) is the amount of static force that the hand can generate around the dynamometer. It is defined as the ability of the hand to grasp objects between the thumb and fingers ( 1 ). It is characterized by completing a maximal isometric grip strength task, in which individuals squeeze a grip dynamometer with maximal effort for a short period of time and then the contracted musculature is relaxed ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, studying HGS from infancy to senescence is relevant, due to its ability to predict skeletal muscle strength throughout life, as studies generally use linear regression models to predict HGS ( 1 , 17 , 18 ). However, it is possible that there is a nonlinear relationship between age and HGS, as the cubic model could improve the predictive power of isometric strength when it is intended to be analyzed from infancy to senescence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between age and handgrip strength: Proposal of reference values from infancy to senescence

Gómez-Campos

Espinoza²,

Arruda³

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionMeasurement of hand grip strength (HGS) has been proposed as a key component of frailty and has also been suggested as a central biomarker of healthy aging and a powerful predictor of future morbidity and mortality.Objectives(a) To determine whether a nonlinear relationship model could improve the prediction of handgrip strength (HGS) compared to the linear model and (b) to propose percentiles to evaluate HGS according to age and sex for a regional population of Chile from infancy to senescence.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was developed in a representative sample of the Maule region (Chile). The volunteers amounted to 5,376 participants (2,840 men and 2,536 women), with an age range from 6 to 80 years old. Weight, height, HGS (right and left hand) according to age and sex were evaluated. Percentiles were calculated using the LMS method [(L (Lambda; asymmetry), M (Mu; median), and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)].Results and discussionThere were no differences in HGS from 6 to 11 years of age in both sexes; however, from 12 years of age onwards, males presented higher HGS values in both hands (p < 0.05). The linear regression between age with HGS showed values of R2 = 0.07 in males and R2 = 0.02 in females. While in the non-linear model (cubic), the values were: R2 = 0.50 to 0.51 in men and R2 = 0.26 in women. The percentiles constructed by age and sex were: P5, P15, P50, P85, and P95 by age range and sex. This study demonstrated that there is a nonlinear relationship between chronological age with HGS from infancy to senescence. Furthermore, the proposed percentiles can serve as a guide to assess and monitor upper extremity muscle strength levels at all stages of life.

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“…However, our data revealed that the decline in muscle strength was more significant than in muscle mass, similar to findings from the Italians and Koreans. 26,31 Demonstrated by other studies, during ageing, the loss of mobility and the onset of physical disability was correlated with loss of muscle mass and increased fat mass. 32 However, the role of muscle strength has also been examined by its independent associations with physical function, mobility, and mortality in cohort studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Normative values of hand grip strength in a large unselected Chinese population: Evidence from the China National Health Survey

Pan

Wang³

et al. 2023

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Background Hand grip strength (HGS) is a powerful indicator of sarcopenia and other adverse health outcomes. Normative values for HGS for general Chinese people with a broad age spectrum are lacking. This study aims to establish normative values of HGS and explore the correlations between HGS and body composition among unselected people aged 8–80 in China. Methods From 2012 to 2017, 39 655 participants aged 8–80 years in the China National Health Survey were included. Absolute HGS was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. The relative HGS was normalized by body mass index. Body composition indexes included body mass index, body fat percentage, muscle mass, fat mass index (FMI) and muscle mass index (MMI). Sex‐specific smoothed centile tables for the P1, P5, P25, P50, P75, P95 and P99 centiles of HGS and body composition were generated using lambda‐mu‐sigma method. The correlations between muscle strength and body composition were estimated by partial Spearman correlation analysis. Results The median values (25th and 75th percentile) of HGS in boys and girls (8–19 years old) were 22 (14, 34) kg and 18 (12, 22) kg, respectively; in men and women aged 20–80 were 39 (33, 44) kg and 24 (20, 27) kg, respectively. Values of upper and lower HGS across ages had three periods: an increase to a peak in the 20 s in men (with the 5th and 95th values of 30 and 55 kg, respectively) and 30 s in women (with the 5th and 95th values of 18 and 34 kg, respectively), preservation through midlife (20s–40 s), and then a decline after their 50 s. The lowest HGS values in both sexes were in the 70‐ to 80‐year‐old group, with the 5th and 95th percentile values of 16 and 40 kg in men, and 10 and 25 kg in women. There were substantial sex differences in body composition in the life course (all P values <0.001). In ageing, the decrease of muscle strength was faster than that of muscle mass in both sexes. The correlations between muscle mass and HGS were most robust than other correlations, especially in women (0.68 vs. 0.50), children and adolescents. Conclusions Our study established the age‐ and sex‐specific percentile reference values for hand grip strength in an unselected Chinese population across a broad age‐spectrum. The rich data can facilitate the practical appraisal of muscle strength and promote early prediction of sarcopenia and other impairments associated with neuromuscular disorders.

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Normative reference values on handgrip strength among healthy adults of Dhulikhel, Nepal: A cross-sectional study

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Role of arterial stiffness in the association between hand grip strength and cardiovascular events: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Role of arterial stiffness in the association between hand grip strength and cardiovascular events: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Relationship between age and handgrip strength: Proposal of reference values from infancy to senescence

Normative values of hand grip strength in a large unselected Chinese population: Evidence from the China National Health Survey

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