Normal Valerolactone. Iii. Its Preparation by the Catalytic Reduction of Levulinic Acid With Hydrogen in the Presence of Platinum Oxide

Abstract

The above results furnish conclusive proof that the two diazo compounds have an asymmetric structure, in part. This is most simply explained by the electronic formulas

Synthesis of γ-valerolactone by hydrogenation of levulinic acid over supported nickel catalysts

“…[1,[9][10][11] Already in 1909, the hydrogenation of LA to GVL was reported by Sabatier and Mailhe [12] using a Raneynickel catalyst in gas phase at 250 °C. Also Christian et al [13] used a Raney-nickel catalyst at 220 °C for the hydrogenation of LA to GVL (GVL yields of 94 %) and Schütte and Thomas [14] investigated the GVL synthesis using platinum oxide as catalyst and diethyl ether as solvent (GVL yields of 87 %). Since 2000, the hydrogenation of LA to GVL has received renewed attention using supported Ru, Pd and Pt based catalysts in both continuous and discontinuous reaction modes at reaction temperatures between 130 and 220 °C and hydrogen pressures up to 55 bar.…”

Surface Species of Supported Ruthenium Catalysts in Selective Hydrogenation of Levulinic Esters for Bio-Refinery Application

“…The hydrogenation of LA or ethyllevulinate to GVL using formic acid as the hydrogen donar over Ni, Pt and Re supported on silica has been reported with the highest GVL yield of 81 mol% using ethyllevulinate as substrate [16]. Schutte et al [17] hydrogenated LA using a platinum oxide catalyst to give GVL with an yield of 87 %. Copper-chromite based catalysts were reported to give a complex mixture of GVL, 1,4-pentanediol, and methyltetrahydrofuran [17].…”

“…Schutte et al [17] hydrogenated LA using a platinum oxide catalyst to give GVL with an yield of 87 %. Copper-chromite based catalysts were reported to give a complex mixture of GVL, 1,4-pentanediol, and methyltetrahydrofuran [17]. Yan et al [18] hydrogenated levulinic acid to GVL over 5 % Ru/C catalyst in methanol as a solvent with a conversion of 92 %, and selectivity to c-valerolactone achieved was 99 % however, the substantial decrease in both conversion (92-48 %) and selectivity (99-70) was observed in catalytic recycle studies, due to the active metal leaching.…”

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid in Water into g-Valerolactone over Bulk Structure of Inexpensive Intermetallic Ni-Sn Alloy Catalysts

“…High temperature, high H2 pressures, and noble metal-based catalysts were required to obtain high yield of GVL [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Christian et al have reported LA hydrogenation at 493 K, 48 bar H2 pressure over Raney Ni catalyst to give 94% yield of GVL, while over copper-chromite catalyst at 523 K and 202 bar H2 pressure, resulted in a complex mixture of products composed of 11% GVL, 44% 1,4-PeD (1,4-pentanediol) and 22% water containing small amount of methyl tetrahydrofuran (MTHF) [8].…”

“…Christian et al have reported LA hydrogenation at 493 K, 48 bar H2 pressure over Raney Ni catalyst to give 94% yield of GVL, while over copper-chromite catalyst at 523 K and 202 bar H2 pressure, resulted in a complex mixture of products composed of 11% GVL, 44% 1,4-PeD (1,4-pentanediol) and 22% water containing small amount of methyl tetrahydrofuran (MTHF) [8]. Schulte and Thomas reported the hydrogenation of LA by using platinum oxide catalyst in different organic solvents for 44 h, at 3 atm of H2 to give 87% GVL yield [9]. Recent reported results showed that even though reaction conditions has been mild conditions however the employing noble metal catalysts are required to achieve high yield of GVL [10][11][12].…”