Normal sonographic renal length measurements in an Australian pediatric population

Coombs, Peter; Lavender, Ilona; Leung, Michelle; Woods, Jessica C; Paul, Eldho; Webb, Nathalie; Ditchfield, Michael

doi:10.1007/s00247-019-04486-2

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[23]. In contrast, some other studies did not find significant lateral differences in kidney size [15,17,26]. Our study found a significant statistical difference between right and left kidney length (mean paired difference = − 1.03 mm, p < 0.001).…”

Section: Left/right Kidneycontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…The comparison between our age-related normative data and other studies published by Rosenbaum et al and Coombs et al is shown in Fig. 5 [2,17]. While we could not compare the curves statistically (in the absence of raw data in other studies), the visual analysis of curves reveals some potential differences in age-related kidney length between studies.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Normative Datamentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Height was also the main predictor of kidney length in children and adolescents in the study by Konus et al; correlation coefficients with the kidney dimensions (longitudinal and transverse) were 0.94 and 0.86) [8]. In the study by Coombs et al, height and weight were not measured, and kidney length was related to age only [17]. Therefore, we conclude that from a statistical and clinical point of view, height seems to be the best predictor of kidney length irrespective of sex, age, and BMI.…”

Section: Predictors Of Kidney Lengthmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Until now, several other studies analyzing kidney length and volume in healthy children were published, but most of them were single-center studies on a relatively small number of patients, mainly focusing on newborns and infants rather than older children [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. In addition, in none of the published studies so far was the kidney function assessed, which may have led to the inclusion of patients with undiagnosed kidney diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kidney length normative values in children aged 0–19 years — a multicenter study

et al. 2021

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Background Currently used pediatric kidney length normative values are based on small single-center studies, do not include kidney function assessment, and focus mostly on newborns and infants. We aimed to develop ultrasound-based kidney length normative values derived from a large group of European Caucasian children with normal kidney function. Methods Out of 1,782 children aged 0–19 years, 1,758 individuals with no present or past kidney disease and normal estimated glomerular filtration rate had sonographic assessment of kidney length. The results were correlated with anthropometric parameters and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Kidney length was correlated with age, height, body surface area, and body mass index. Height-related kidney length curves and table were generated using the LMS method. Multivariate regression analysis with collinearity checks was used to evaluate kidney length predictors. Results There was no significant difference in kidney size in relation to height between boys and girls. We found significant (p < 0.001), but clinically unimportant (Cohen’s D effect size = 0.04 and 0.06) differences between prone vs. supine position (mean paired difference = 0.64 mm, 95% CI = 0.49–0.77) and left vs. right kidneys (mean paired difference = 1.03 mm, 95% CI = 0.83–1.21), respectively. For kidney length prediction, the highest coefficient correlation was observed with height (adjusted R2 = 0.87, p < 0.0001). Conclusions We present height-related LMS-percentile curves and tables of kidney length which may serve as normative values for kidney length in children from birth to 19 years of age. The most significant predictor of kidney length was statural height. Graphic Abstract

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Section: Left/right Kidneycontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: Comparison With Other Normative Datamentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Predictors Of Kidney Lengthmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kidney length normative values in children aged 0–19 years — a multicenter study

et al. 2021

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“…Organ size is influenced by a number of factors. Age, height, weight, body surface area and ethnicity are known influencing factors and has been well documented for the kidneys [ 3 – 7 ]. Hence, charts using local data are considered the most appropriate for a given population [ 3 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal sonographic liver and spleen dimensions in a central European pediatric population

et al. 2021

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Background Organ size is influenced by a number of factors. Age, height, weight, and ethnicity are known influencing factors. Pediatric populations have changed over time, puberty beginning earlier resulting in a changing growth pattern of their organs. Hence, contemporary charts using local data are considered the most appropriate for a given population. Sonographic charts for liver size for a predominantly Caucasian population are limited, which has implications for clinical practice. The aim of this study was to define a contemporary normative range of liver and spleen sizes for a healthy, predominantly Caucasian population and for all pediatric age groups (0–18 years) and to investigate whether there is a size difference between genders and ethnicities. Methods Retrospective study including children with normal sonographic findings and no evidence of liver or splenic disease clinically. Craniocaudal and anteroposterior dimensions are measured for the right and left lobe of the liver, and craniocaudal dimension for the spleen. Relationship of the liver and spleen dimensions with age, body length, body surface area, weight, and gender were investigated. Charts of normal values were established. Values were compared to studies involving other ethnicities and to one study carried out in 1983 involving the same ethnicity. Results Seven hundred thirty-six children (371 boys, 365 girls) aged 1 day - 18.4 years were included. From the second year of life, the craniocaudal dimension of the right lobe of the liver is 1–2 cm larger in the Central European population compared with non-Caucasian populations at a given age. Liver size of Central European children in 2020 is greater compared to a similar population almost 40 years ago. The craniocaudal dimension of the spleen of Central European, US-American and Turkish children is similar. The difference between genders is statistically significant for both the liver and the spleen, being larger in boys. Conclusion Contemporary and ethnically appropriate reference charts for liver and spleen measurements should be used, especially for liver size. The effect of ethnicity is reduced if patient height rather than age is referenced.

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A reappraisal of pediatric abdominal surface anatomy

2021

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Surface anatomy is fundamental to clinical and surgical practices. As the surface anatomy varies with age, the purpose of this study is to provide age-standardized surface markings for the abdomen in children. A total of 155 abdominal computed tomography scans of healthy children aged 0-18 years were categorized into six groups, and the surface anatomy of the major vascular structures, solid viscera, and anatomical planes in the abdomen was analyzed. The vertebral levels of the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and hepatic portal vein formation were higher in the youngest age group, whereas the levels of the inferior mesenteric artery, formation of the inferior vena cava, and renal arteries did not differ with age. The right kidney lay between T12 and L3 and the left at T11-L3; however, both kidneys were in lower positions in younger children.The spleen was most commonly located between the 8th and 11th ribs except in toddlers. In all age groups, the hepatic portal vein formation was within the transpyloric plane and the aortic bifurcation was above the supracristal plane. In vivo reassessment of the surface anatomy enables the substantial variability of surface landmarks to be highlighted. This study demonstrates that taking account of age-related variations will increase the accuracy and therefore the clinical relevance of surface anatomy.

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Normal sonographic renal length measurements in an Australian pediatric population

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Kidney length normative values in children aged 0–19 years — a multicenter study

Kidney length normative values in children aged 0–19 years — a multicenter study

Normal sonographic liver and spleen dimensions in a central European pediatric population

A reappraisal of pediatric abdominal surface anatomy

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