Normal length of the fetal liver from 14 to 40 weeks of gestational age

Tongprasert, Fuanglada; Srisupundit, Kasemsri; Luewan, Suchaya; Tongsong, Theera

doi:10.1002/jcu.20756

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Similar to our study, Tongprasert et al (13) reported that FLL increases as pregnancy progresses. They formulized this result as FLL (mm)= 1.61 (GA, week)−6.75 (r (2)= 0.94; p<0.001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Correlation between the Fetal Liver Length and Crown-Rump Length During the First Trimester Screening

Toprak¹,

Bozkurt²,

Karasu³

2015

JAREM

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between fetal liver length (FLL) at the 11+0-13+6 week of pregnancy and crown-rump length (CRL).Methods: Pregnant women (n=63) referring to the Başkent University Konya Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic between January and March 2014 for first trimester screening were included in the study. Patients were excluded for the following reasons: two for type II DM, one for metabolic disease, and three because they refused to share their information. FLL was measured in patients at the 11+0-13+6 week of gestation and in those who had normal ultrasonographic findings. Exclusion criteria were as follows: nuchal translucency of ≥3.5 mm, antenatal first trimester combined test results of ≥1/250, reverse flow of the ductus venosus and tricuspid valve, absence of nasal bone (NB), and fetal malformation in second trimester. Fiftyseven women who fulfilled inclusion criteria were included in the study. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation test was used for correlation between FLL and CRL.Results: Mean age of patients was 28. 18±4.7 (19-39). Mean gravida and parity were 2.05±1.2 (1-6) and 1±0.8 (0-5), respectively. Mean gestational age was 12.4 weeks (min: 11.1 -max: 13.6), and mean FLL of the study group was 11.2±1.1 mm (8.2-13.7 mm). Mean NT was 1.1±0.3 (0.5-2.4) mm. In the present study, it was established that FLL was correlated with CRL (r (57): 0.840; p<0.001).Conclusion: This study showed that there was a significant, strong, positive correlation between FLL and CRL at the 11 th -13 th week of pregnancy. (JAREM 2015; 5: 60-3)

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“…Similar to our study, Tongprasert et al (13) reported that FLL increases as pregnancy progresses. They formulized this result as FLL (mm)= 1.61 (GA, week)−6.75 (r (2)= 0.94; p<0.001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It has both endocrine and metabolic functions. In this manner, fetal problems may affect fetal liver development even at early stages of the fetal development (13). Therefore, the evaluation of fetal liver may ensure early diagnosis of many diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between the Fetal Liver Length and Crown-Rump Length During the First Trimester Screening

Toprak¹,

Bozkurt²,

Karasu³

2015

JAREM

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“…The liver length gradually increased from 13 ± 2 mm in fetuses aged 9–12 weeks (1st trimester) through 25 ± 8 mm in fetuses aged 13–25 weeks (2nd trimester) and 41 ± 7 mm in fetuses aged 26–37 weeks (3rd trimester) to 47 ± 8 mm in fetuses aged 38–40 weeks (full term). Some authors [ 12 , 17 , 22 , 29 , 30 ] 2-D ultrasonically studied the liver length to present its normal range for every week of pregnancy. Vintzileos et al [ 30 ] ascertained that the mean liver length incrementally increased from 27.3 to 59.0 mm in fetuses aged 20 and 40 weeks, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the medical literature concerning hepatic morphometric parameters in the human fetus [ 1 , 6 , 9 , 17 , 29 , 31 ], we failed to find complete information about liver growth dynamics with relation to its length, transverse and sagittal diameters. To date, however, the only anatomical research on the quantitative analysis of the fetal liver performed by Albay et al [ 1 ] has focused on its mean values for height, width and thickness in particular three trimesters and in term fetuses, but with no growth dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…To date, however, the only anatomical research on the quantitative analysis of the fetal liver performed by Albay et al [ 1 ] has focused on its mean values for height, width and thickness in particular three trimesters and in term fetuses, but with no growth dynamics. On the base of ultrasonography, proportionate growth dynamics against gestational age were modelled for liver length by some authors [ 9 , 17 , 29 ], and for liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters by Chang et al [ 6 ], only. In the light of the recently published INTERGROWTH-21st Project [ 18 ], to supplement fragmentary information on liver dimensions in the human fetus, our objectives were to establish: reference intervals for dimensions (length, transverse and sagittal diameters) of the fetal liver at consecutive gestational ages (age-specific reference intervals), the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97th smoothed centile curves for the liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters vs. gestational age, and the relative growth of the fetal liver calculated for the 50th centile (length-to-transverse diameter ratio, sagittal-to-transverse diameter ratio).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional growth dynamics of the liver in the human fetus

et al. 2015

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PurposeThe fetal liver is indubitably the earliest and the most severely affected organ by abnormal fetal growth. The size of the fetal liver assessed by three-dimensional ultrasonography is indispensable in determining the status of fetal growth, nutrition and maturity, and in the early recognition and monitoring fetal micro- and macrosomias. The aim of the present study was to measure the human fetal liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters to establish their age-specific reference intervals, the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97th smoothed centile curves, and the relative growth of the liver calculated for the 50th centile.Materials and methodsUsing anatomical, digital (NIS-Elements AR 3.0, Nikon) and statistical methods (one-way ANOVA test for paired data and post hoc RIR Tukey test, Shapiro–Wilk test, Fisher’s test, Student’s t test, the Altman-Chitty method), length, transverse and sagittal diameters of the liver for the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97th centiles were assessed in 69 human fetuses of both sexes (32 males and 37 females) aged 18–30 weeks, derived from spontaneous abortions or stillbirths.ResultsNo male–female differences (P > 0.05) concerning the three parameters studied were found. During the study period, the fetal liver increased tri-dimensionally: in length from 19.51 ± 1.02 to 39.65 ± 7.05 mm, in transverse diameter from 29.44 ± 3.73 to 53.13 ± 5.31 mm, and in sagittal diameter from 22.97 ± 3.79 to 43.22 ± 5.49 mm. The natural logarithmic models were found to fit the data with gestational age (P < 0.001) in the following five cutoff points: 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th centiles. The values of liver parameters in relation to gestational age in weeks were calculated by the following logarithmic regressions: y = −82.778 + 35.752 × ln(age) ± Z × (−2.778 + 0.308 × age) for liver length, y = −123.06 + 52.668 × ln(age) ± Z × (3.156 + 0.049 × age) for liver transverse diameter, and y = −108.94 + 46.052 × ln(age) ± Z × (−0.541 + 0.188 × age) for liver sagittal diameter. For the 50th centile, at the range of 18–30 weeks, the growth rates per week were gradually decreasing from 1.93 to 1.21 mm for length, from 2.85 to 1.79 mm for transverse diameter, and from 2.49 to 1.56 mm for sagittal diameter of the liver (P < 0.05). During the study period both the length-to-transverse diameter ratio and the sagittal-to-transverse diameter ratio of the liver changed little, attaining the values of 0.71 ± 0.11 and 0.87 ± 0.12, respectively.ConclusionsThe fetal liver does not reveal sex differences in its length, transverse and sagittal diameters. The fetal liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters grow logarithmically. The regression equations for the estimation of the mean and standard deviation of liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters allow for calculating any desired centiles according to gestational age. The three-dimensional evolution of the fetal liver follows proportionately. The age-specific reference intervals for evolving liver length, transverse and sagittal diameters constitute th...

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Fast Stereolithography Printing of Large‐Scale Biocompatible Hydrogel Models

Anandakrishnan

Guo

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Large size cell-laden hydrogel models hold great promise for tissue repair and organ transplantation, but their fabrication using 3D bioprinting is limited by the slow printing speed that can affect the part quality and the biological activity of the encapsulated cells. Here a fast hydrogel stereolithography printing (FLOAT) method is presented that allows the creation of a centimeter-sized, multiscale solid hydrogel model within minutes. Through precisely controlling the photopolymerization condition, low suction force-driven, high-velocity flow of the hydrogel prepolymer is established that supports the continuous replenishment of the prepolymer solution below the curing part and the nonstop part growth. The rapid printing of centimeter-sized hydrogel models using FLOAT is shown to significantly reduce the part deformation and cellular injury caused by the prolonged exposure to the environmental stresses in conventional 3D printing methods. Embedded vessel networks fabricated through multiscale printing allows media perfusion needed to maintain the high cellular viability and metabolic functions in the deep core of the large-sized models. The endothelialization of this vessel network allows the establishment of barrier functions. Together, these studies demonstrate a rapid 3D hydrogel printing method and represent a first step toward the fabrication of large-sized engineered tissue models.

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Normal length of the fetal liver from 14 to 40 weeks of gestational age

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Correlation between the Fetal Liver Length and Crown-Rump Length During the First Trimester Screening

Correlation between the Fetal Liver Length and Crown-Rump Length During the First Trimester Screening

Three-dimensional growth dynamics of the liver in the human fetus

Fast Stereolithography Printing of Large‐Scale Biocompatible Hydrogel Models

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