Nonvillous Parts of the Placenta

Benirschke, Kurt; Kaufmann, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4196-4_11

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 356 publications

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“…In addition, during this period in many species, the outermost embryonic layer formed by trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) invades the endometrium reaching and breaching the uterine vessels, maintains a close relationship with the maternal endothelium, and frequently lines the endometrial vessels [25][26][27][28][29][30]. This strategic position of the trophoblast interacting with vascular components and in direct contact with the maternal blood makes this cell population an attractive target for studies of the mechanisms that participate in the regulation of circulatory dynamics during the maternal-embryonic interrelationship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation of the Mouse Implanting Trophoblast in Nitric Oxide Production During Pregnancy1

Gagioti

Scavone

Bevilacqua

2000

Biology of Reproduction

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While considerable progress has been made in elucidating nitric oxide (NO) regulatory mechanisms in the later stages of gestation, much less is known about its synthesis and role during embryo implantation. Thus, to evaluate the participation of the trophoblast in the production of NO during this phase, this study focused on NADPH-diaphorase activity and the distribution of NO synthase isoforms (NOS) using immunohistochemistry in pre- and postimplantation mouse embryos in situ and in vitro, as well as on NO production itself, measured as total nitrite, in trophoblast culture supernatants (Griess reaction). No NADPH-diaphorase activity was found in preimplanting embryos except after culturing for at least 48 h, when a few trophoblastic giant cells were positive. Conversely, postimplantation trophoblast cells either lodged into the implantation chamber (in situ) or after culturing (in vitro) showed intense NADPH-diaphorase activity. Also in the postimplantation trophoblast, the endothelial and inducible NOS (eNOS and iNOS) isoforms were immunodetected, under both in situ and in vitro conditions, although in different patterns. Extracts of ectoplacental cone also revealed bands of 135 and 130 kDa on SDS-PAGE that reacted with anti-eNOS and anti-iNOS, respectively, on Western blot. Analysis of the culture supernatant demonstrated that the nitrite concentration was 1) proportional to the number of cultured trophoblast cells, 2) almost completely abolished in the presence of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and 3) increased 2-fold in cultures stimulated with gamma-interferon. These results strongly suggest the production of NO from constitutive and inducible isoforms of NOS by the implanting mouse trophoblast. They also emphasize the possibility of the participation of these cells in vasodilatation and angiogenesis, and in cytotoxic mechanisms involved in the intense phagocytosis of injured maternal cells, which occur during the implantation process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation of the Mouse Implanting Trophoblast in Nitric Oxide Production During Pregnancy1

Gagioti

Scavone

Bevilacqua

2000

Biology of Reproduction

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“…Histologically, the small stromal rim, consisting of reticular connective tissue and indicating their immaturity, has normally disappeared to the credit of fibrous stroma that completely occupies the villous core in 33-36 weeks of gestation [21] . The originally reticular superficial zone of the stroma shows an increased number of connective tissue cells for a few weeks, compared to the more central parts of the stem villi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifractal Description of the Maternal Surface of the Placenta

Kikuchi

Unno²,

Shiba³

et al. 2008

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Background: Recently, multifractal analysis based on generalized concepts of fractals has been applied to biological tissues composed of complex structures. Methods: Using digitized images of the maternal surface of 278 placentas, multifractal parameters were measured with a fractal analysis software. Results: The values of α_min, α(0), α_max and the degree of multifractality given by the α_max – α_min difference calculated from 278 placentas were 1.840 ± 0.068, 2.089 ± 0.034, 2.856 ± 0.128 and 1.017 ± 0.136, respectively. A significant decrease of α_min and as a consequence a significant increase in the degree of multifractality were observed according to gestational age. The α(0) value of the placenta complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) was significantly higher than that without PIH. The α_min and α(0) values of the placenta having intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) were significantly higher than those without IUGR. On the other hand, the presence of chorioamnionitis did not change multifractal properties of the maternal surface of the placenta. Conclusion: The multifractal parameters may be objective indices of the heterogeneity or complexity of the macroscopic morphology of the maternal surface of the placenta. Multifractal analysis holds a promise for quantitatively evaluating physiological and pathological development of the placenta.

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“…During interstitial invasion, a subset of these EVTs encroaches on the maternal endometrium, commingles with resident decidual and immune cells and eventually stops at the inner third of the myometrium (Pijnenborg et al, 1981). During endovascular invasion, masses of cytotrophoblasts migrate into the tip of the uterine vessels, eventually remodelling the vasculature near the end of the first trimester (Benirschke and Kaufmann, 1994). Together, these two functional components of cytotrophoblast invasion anchor the placenta to the uterus and permit a steady increase in the supply of maternal blood to the growing fetus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stellate transformation of invasive trophoblast: a distinct phenotype of trophoblast that is involved in decidual vascular remodelling and controlled invasion during pregnancy

Shih

Chien

et al. 2006

Human Reproduction

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BACKGROUND: Successful implantation relies on the tightly regulated invasion of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). However, little is known about their phenotypic differentiation and relevant motile behaviour. Furthermore, the cell-cell interactions between EVTs and decidual arterioles during physiological transformation are also poorly understood. METHODS: A total of 128 decidual specimens from early and late gestations containing components of EVTs and spiral arterioles were investigated using immunohistochemistry and periodic acid-Schiff reaction. RESULTS: Unipolar, tadpole-like EVTs are observed throughout the interstitial area, with a tendency to decrease along the invasive pathway. The stellate differentiation of the EVTs is identified around and inside decidual arterioles or in the third-trimester myometrium. Furthermore, stellate transformation of EVTs precedes its interactions with the decidual arteriole. These specialized stellate trophoblasts invade and infiltrate the tunica media, accompanying lacuna formation inside the vessel wall and perturbation of actin fibre alignment of the tunica media. CONCLUSION: Stellate transformation of trophoblasts may explain controlled invasion of EVTs and probably plays a key role in initiating cell-cell interaction in decidual vascular remodelling.

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Nonvillous Parts of the Placenta

Cited by 5 publications

References 356 publications

Participation of the Mouse Implanting Trophoblast in Nitric Oxide Production During Pregnancy1

Participation of the Mouse Implanting Trophoblast in Nitric Oxide Production During Pregnancy1

Multifractal Description of the Maternal Surface of the Placenta

Stellate transformation of invasive trophoblast: a distinct phenotype of trophoblast that is involved in decidual vascular remodelling and controlled invasion during pregnancy

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