Nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein is expressed by scattered neurons in the human vestibular brainstem

Baizer, Joan S.; Paolone, Nicholas A.; Witelson, Sandra F.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.079

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…This antibody is also useful in distinguishing cell populations in the brainstem (Baizer, 2009; Baizer et al, 2011a). In NPNFP-ir sections of the human brainstem, we saw a distinctive pattern of staining along the midline.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also photographed sections from the cat, macaque, squirrel monkey, and rat that had been prepared in this laboratory in the context of several different projects (Baizer and Baker, 2005, 2006b; Baizer et al, 2007, 2011a,b, 2013b,c; Baizer, 2008, 2009; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Sultan et al, 2010). The methods and results for each project were described in detail in the individual publications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique Features of the Human Brainstem and Cerebellum

Baizer

2014

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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The cerebral cortex is greatly expanded in the human brain. There is a parallel expansion of the cerebellum, which is interconnected with the cerebral cortex. We have asked if there are accompanying changes in the organization of pre-cerebellar brainstem structures. We have examined the cytoarchitectonic and neurochemical organization of the human medulla and pons. We studied human cases from the Witelson Normal Brain Collection, analyzing Nissl sections and sections processed for immunohistochemistry for multiple markers including the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin, non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein, and the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase. We have also compared the neurochemical organization of the human brainstem to that of several other species including the chimpanzee, macaque and squirrel monkey, cat, and rodent, again using Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry. We found that there are major differences in the human brainstem, ranging from relatively subtle differences in the neurochemical organization of structures found in each of the species studied to the emergence of altogether new structures in the human brainstem. Two aspects of human cortical organization, individual differences and left–right asymmetry, are also seen in the brainstem (principal nucleus of the inferior olive) and the cerebellum (the dentate nucleus). We suggest that uniquely human motor and cognitive abilities derive from changes at all levels of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum and brainstem, and not just the cerebral cortex.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Features of the Human Brainstem and Cerebellum

Baizer

2014

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…We also examined the expression of other markers that have been helpful in our analysis of the human vestibular brainstem (Baizer and Broussard, 2010;Baizer et al, 2011). For nNOS, in all cases, the IOpr ribbon is densely stained (Fig.…”

Section: Nnos and Npnfpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurochemical and Structural Organization of the Principal Nucleus of the Inferior Olive in the Human

Baizer

Sherwood

Hof

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The inferior olive (IO) is the sole source of the climbing fibers that innervate the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The IO comprises several subdivisions, the dorsal accessory olive (DAO), medial accessory olive (MAO), and principal nuclei of the IO (IOpr); the relative sizes of these subnuclei vary among species. In human, there is an expansion of the cerebellar hemispheres and a corresponding expansion of the IOpr. We have examined the structural and neurochemical organization of the human IOpr, using sections stained with cresyl violet (CV) or immunostained for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and parvalbumin (PV), the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide (nNOS), and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (NPNFP). We found qualitative differences in the folding patterns of the IOpr among individuals and between the two sides of the brainstem. Quantification of IOpr volumes and indices of folding complexity, however, did not reveal consistent left-right differences in either parameter. Single-label immunohistochemistry showed that populations of neurons in the IOpr express CB, CR, NPNFP, and nNOS. Individual fibers labeled for PV, CB, CR, NPNFP, and nNOS were also found. There was individual variability in the numbers and density of stained neurons in the human IOpr; such variability was not seen in other brainstem nuclei. These data are consistent with, and complement, earlier studies showing a dramatic age-related increase in lipofuscin and decrease in RNA in the human IOpr. The impact of these changes in the IOpr on cerebellar function is, however, not known. Anat Rec, 294:1198Rec, 294: -1216Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…Series of frozen or paraffin sections were stained with Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) for cytoarchitecture or immunostained for NPNF as described previously [13]. In accordance with the work by Baizer and collegues all vestibular nuclei in human contained NPNF-positive neurons [14]. As in monkeys a group of large-sized NPNF-positive neurons was located at the border of the MVm and LV and in the SV (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Based on location, morphological and histochemical criteria attained from the monkey experiments the large-sized NPNF-immunoreactive neurons in the MVm and SV are considered to be the secondary vestibular neurons in human, also going along with the concept that NPNF-positive neurons represent long-range projection neurons rather than local interneurons [14]. Thereby a physiologically well characterized cell group that mediates the VOR forming the link between vestibular inputs and motoneurons of the extraocular muscles can be identified in the human vestibular nuclei complex.…”

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confidence: 99%