Non-surgical castration methods to control stray dog population, a review.

Abstract

About 75% of dogs worldwide are free to roam and reproduce, thus creating locally overabundant populations. Problems caused by roaming dogs include diseases transmission to livestock and humans, predation on livestock, attacks on humans, road traffic accidents, and nuisance behavior. Nonsurgical fertility control is increasingly advocated as more cost-effective than surgical sterilization to manage dog populations and their impact. The aim of this review was to illustrate the spectrum of fertility inhibitors available for dogs. Although surgery is the most effective and safe procedure, it is also expensive to use of non-surgical, sterilization methods that would make male sterilization inexpensive, easy and fast for sterilization of large number of male dogs within short period of time to effectively contribute in curbing the growth of the stray dog population were introduced. Chemical sterilization methods so far employed included hormonal methods, immunocontraceptives and ınorganic chemo-sterilants (chemo-sterilants such as CaCl2, zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine (Neutersol) and hypertonic sodium chloride-NaCl solution. Intratesticular injection of calcium chloride, Zinc gluconate and 20% NaCl hypertonic solution showed a promising result as chemical sterilants. The review concluded that the main challenges for the future are evaluating the feasibility, effectiveness, sustainability, and effects of mass non-surgical sterilization campaigns on dog population size and impact as well as integrating nonsurgical fertility control with disease vaccination and public education programs. The review also showed the relative lack of research or knowledge related to fertility inhibitors in developing country as Ethiopia and suggested that more works is required in this country.

Female Autoimmune Disorders with Infertility: A Narrative Review

“…The AZAs have been distinguished in fertile and infertile women and men because of their high occurrence [8]. AZAs seem to be implicated in the etiology of unexplained infertility (due to their blocking impacts on sperm ZP binding [58][59][60].…”

Castração química em pequenos animais: Onde estamos?

“…This agent was first developed to castrate male animals (Seid & Terefe, 2019), being described for the first time by Fahim et al (1993). Several studies prove that zinc gluconate leads to irreversible fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules, tests network and epididymis, thus resulting in permanent sterilization after 30 days of application (Garde et al, 2016).…”

“…The main advantages of chemical castration are the low cost and the possibility of massive use, encouraging public health organizations and governments to participate even with limited resources (Garde et al, 2016). There are different ways to use the chemical sterilization in animals: hormonal methods, immunocontraception and inorganic chemosterilants (Jana & Samanta, 2011;Seid & Terefe, 2019). This review will focus on the use of inorganic chemosterilants, considered permanents irreversible methods, and that also present lower costs (Jana & Samanta, 2011).…”

The Pathological and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Chemical Castration in Dogs using Calcium Chloride Injection

“…The injection to testes is an efficient minimally interfering castration method. However, the effects of NaCl injection to testes on the castration of calves are not as practical as CaCl2 for chemical castration (10). The present study aimed to examine the results of injection to testes with 20% CaCl2 on characteristics of oxidative tension and inflammatory responses in dogs for up to two weeks.…”