Non-Random Distribution of Chromosomes in Metaphase Figures from Cultured Human Leucocytes I. The Peripheral Location of the Y Chromosome

Oj, Miller; Bb, Mukherjee; Wr, Breg; Av, Gamble

doi:10.1159/000129760

Cited by 68 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In some cases, measurements were made directly from superimposed confocal images, using the "length" program, and were similar to those obtained from photomicrographs. (25,26). Hybrids with only a normal human active X chromosome (DB1214-tsAlS9) had only a single signal with either XCCR (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Barr body is a looped X chromosome formed by telomere association.

Walker

Cargile

Floy

et al. 1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We examined Barr bodies formed by isodicentric human X chromosomes in cultured human cells and in mouse-human hybrids using confocal microscopy and DNA probes for centromere and subtelomere regions. At interphase, the two ends of these chromosomes are only a micron apart, indicating that these inactive X chromosomes are in a nonlinear configuration. Additional studies of normal X chromosomes reveal the same telomere association for the inactive X but not for the active X chromosome. This nonlinear configuration is maintained during mitosis and in a murine environment. (4) or in situ hybridization (2) places the Barr body adjacent to the nuclear envelope in 75-80% of interphase cells. Comings (5) suggested that inactive X chromosomes attach randomly to the nuclear membrane, and the multiple Barr bodies in aneuploid cells are widely distributed (6, 7). Nuclear matrix attachment sites are similar for the active and inactive X chromosomes (8). Yet, the configuration of the Barr body has been relatively unexplored. DNA hybridization, in situ (9), has provided a powerful method to examine chromosomes during interphase, revealing an orderly arrangement of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus (10-13) and tissue-specific variation (14, 15). Using such methods to explore the human inactive X chromosome, we find that the Barr body consists of a condensed X chromosome in a nonlinear configuration, with telomeres in close proximity.We examined the Barr body in interphase and mitotic cells using fluorescent probes for centromere and telomere regions of human X chromosomes. In addition to normal X chromosomes, we studied isodicentric X chromosomes (16), which form bipartite Barr bodies (16). Always inactive, they are mirror image duplications with two centromeres (one nonfunctional) and with two identical telomeres (see Fig. 1). The duplicate centromeres as well as common telomeres and their longer length facilitate structural analysis. To compare distance between hybridization signals with relative physical length we examined three isodicentrics, two joined by their long arms (3935 and 7213) and the third attached at the short arms (411). We isolated these dicentric chromosomes from their normal homologue in hybrid cells so that all signals would come from the dicentric X chromosome and to examine the human Barr body in a mouse cell environ. Finally, we simultaneously hybridized centromere and subtelomere probes using differential labels and confocal microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODSCell Lines. These are characterized in Table 1. The hybrids derived from A9 mouse fibroblasts were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium, back selected in 6-thioguanine to eliminate the active X; to retain the inactive X, the silent HPRT locus was reactivated by 5-azacytidine. Inactive X hybrids derived from tsA1S9T mouse cells were selected directly at 390C for activity of the AJS9T locus at Xpll (17).Preparation of Slides. Interphase cells. Confluent cells in LabTek slide chambers were fixed in methanol/acetic acid (3:1...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Barr body is a looped X chromosome formed by telomere association.

Walker

Cargile

Floy

et al. 1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…These include: pairing of homologous or nonhomologous chromosome segments, and fusion of chromosome segments into chromocenters (SwANSON 1957;SLIZYNSKI 1945;McCLINTOCK 1933 ); nuclear furrowing and nuclear budding (CROSBY LONGWELL and YERGANIAN 1965); delayed chromatid separation at anaphase (MELANDER 1962); aneuploidy and structural chromosome rearrangements (MILLER et al 1963a;MILLER 1964 ); fusion of nucleoli moving their respective organizer chromosomes together (McCLINTOCK 1934;GATES 1942;PENROSE and HARNDEN 1961;HANDMAKER 1961 andHAMERTON 1961;0HNO et al1961;SHAW 1961;LEHMANN and FORSSMAN 1962;MERRINGTON and PENROSE 1964 ). The displacement of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle, chromosome stickiness, laggard chromosomes, bridges, and generally prolonged time of metaphase that characterize many tumor cells (KOLLER 194 7;0BERLING and BERNHARD 1961) afford ample opportunity for a reorganization of the spatial relationships of the intranuclear chromosomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Number and Arrangement of Nucleoli and Nucleolar Chromosomes in some Hamster Cell Cultures

Longwell

1968

Caryologia

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“…(1962) suggested that the late replicating X chromosome tends to be near the periphery while German (1962) disagreed with this conclusion. Furthermore some suggest that the Y chromosome is located peripherally more often than other chromosomes, while others disagree with this notion (Barton etal., 1965;Cohen eta!., 1966;Gripenberg, 1964;Miller et a!., 1963a, b;Ockey, 1969 andSpence et a!., 1973;Sele et al, 1977). Similar controversy exists concerning the location of the autosomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Peripheral location of the Y chromosome: Relationship to race and length heteromorphism

et al. 1984

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SUMMARYIn the present report we examined the position of the Y chromosome with respect to its size and race to determine their relationship to its peripheral location. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured from 172 normal male individuals (70 Asian Indians; 49 American Blacks; and 53 Caucasians) and 2770 QFQ cells were photographed. The length of the Y chromosome was classified into four groups i.e., small, average, large and very large as described earlier (Verma etaL, J. Med. Genet., 15,227-281. 1978). The average incidence of peripheral location of all races for small, average, large and very large was 364, 5'84, 1051 and 11'17 per cent respectively. For blacks and caucasians, the peripheral location was influenced by its size while the incidence remained the same for Indians for all sizes. Consequently, it is presumed that the position of the Y chromosome in somatic metaphases depends upon race as well as its size.Furthermore, we have provided a method for determining the position of the Y chromosome which should suffice for most situations.

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Non-Random Distribution of Chromosomes in Metaphase Figures from Cultured Human Leucocytes I. The Peripheral Location of the Y Chromosome

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

The Barr body is a looped X chromosome formed by telomere association.

The Barr body is a looped X chromosome formed by telomere association.

Number and Arrangement of Nucleoli and Nucleolar Chromosomes in some Hamster Cell Cultures

Peripheral location of the Y chromosome: Relationship to race and length heteromorphism

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