Non-prescription sale of antibiotics in pharmacies across Puducherry, India

Jaganathan, Mohan; Bn, V.; Mayathevar, Brahadeesh; Mahato, Raj Kishore

doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20164096

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is clear that antibiotics are still easily available within the regions of study; however, our figures suggest that the introduction of the H1 scheduling might have positively impacted the dispensing practices of community pharmacies. Jaganathan et al [9] carried out a study prior to the introduction of the H1 schedule and over 70 per cent of store vendors were willing to dispense antibiotics without prescription. Our findings, although stemming from a different region, and using animals as patients rather than humans, demonstrate a lower incidence of illegal antibiotic sales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is especially the case regarding the stewardship role of providers in veterinary medicine [7]. The majority of studies generally tend to employ simulated patient scenarios only [8][9][10] while more comprehensive studies examining both their dispensing practices and educational experiences are absent [6]. This is especially the case, again, with regards to animal-related prescribing [11].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Stewardshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts by the government of India to control poor stewardship, especially in relation to community pharmacies, have been in place since the introduction of Schedule H listings of the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, which restricts the sale of certain drugs without the presence of a prescription. A general failure by drug retail outlet workers to comply necessitated, for some drugs, the introduction of Schedule H1 in 2014 [9], which continues to mandate the requirement of a prescription supplied by a registered veterinary practitioner, but also obliges greater levels of record keeping and data management. Pharmacy licences have been cancelled for non-compliance with the legislation, since this recent policy introduction, but few studies have been conducted since 2014 to evidence the impact of the new schedule [3].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance and Equinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India

Nye

Watson²,

Kubasiewicz³

et al. 2020

Antibiotics

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Multidrug resistance (MDR) is already occurring among some equids in India. Donkeys and mules are a mobile species moving between regions and international borders, often populating areas of India where private community pharmacies, or medical stores, are the primary healthcare provider for both humans and animals. This article highlights how the capacities of drug retail outlet workers might affect their antibiotic dispensing practices, particularly in relation to donkeys and mules, in order to consider how this might impact the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on a wider scale. A mixed-methods approach was implemented using patient simulation method (n = 28), semi-structured interviews (SSIs) (n = 23), focus group discussions (FGDs) with veterinary practitioners and non-governmental organisation animal health workers (n = 2 FGDs), and participant observation. Fewer than 48 per cent of drug retail outlet workers admitted to having had any formal training in pharmaceuticals at all, while 78 per cent reported having no formal training in animal-related pharmaceuticals. Moreover, 35 per cent of all participants sold antibiotics without a prescription, unprompted and without specifically being asked for antibiotics. Of the antibiotics dispensed, only 21 per cent were correctly dispensed for the symptoms presented, and all dosages dispensed were incorrect (underdosed). Furthermore, 43 per cent of drug retail outlet workers interviewed believe that some antibiotics can be legally dispensed without a prescription. Equine owners in northern India are frequently being sold antibiotics without a prescription and, in most cases, with incorrect diagnoses, treatment choice, and dosage. A substantial gap in capacities exists amongst Drug Retail Outlet (DRO) workers, with few being sufficiently qualified or trained to dispense antibiotics to animal owners. The study highlights the need for further training of private DRO workers as well as knowledge extension and awareness training for both DRO workers and animal owners regarding antimicrobial resistance and its potential impact upon livelihoods. It also illustrates the need to identify a balance whereby greater enforcement of regulation at all levels is implemented, while at the same time maintaining sufficient access to medicine for rural populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antimicrobial Stewardshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance and Equinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India

Nye

Watson²,

Kubasiewicz³

et al. 2020

Antibiotics

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“…The sale of antibiotics without medical prescription has been observed in many countries [41][42][43]. Globally 62% of antibiotics dispensed in community pharmacy do not have a prescription [9,44,45]. The increase in antibiotic resistance has been frequently linked to unrestrained antibiotic dispensing [46].…”

Section: Antibiotics Dispensing Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance (Abr) and Community Pharmacist: A Review

Denny¹,

Karan²

2021

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major growing global issue. The WHO report points out high proportions of resistance to common bacterial infections in all regions of the world. Common factors associated with resistance include non-adherence to the prescribed course, improper way of disposing the antibiotics (ABs), misuse and abuse, overuse, and underuse of antibiotics. Another complimenting factor for the increase in the antibiotic resistance is self-medication with antibiotics. This all has caused many infectious diseases to be untreatable. Community pharmacists act as primary source of healthcare information providers to whom the patient directly seeks medical advices. Thus, they can play a central role in ensuring the safer use of antibiotics in the community.

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“…12,18 Another Indian study by Jaganathan M et al observed that history of drug allergy was enquired by 7 (15.2%) medicine sellers only. 21 Llor…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Dispensing Practice by Medicine Sellers in Dhaka City-A Cross-Sectional Study

Nazrina¹,

Rahman

Naznin

2021

Comm. Based Med J

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Dispensing antibiotics without prescription is a potential source of inappropriate use. Improvement of antibiotic use is very important in developing countries like Bangladesh. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Dhaka city, Bangladesh among 100 purposively selected medicine shops to observe antibiotic dispensing practices of medicine sellers on request for the treatment of nonspecific Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI). Actual practice was assessed with simulated client visit (SCV) with 2 encounters in each medicine shops (a total of 200 encounters). Later self-stated practice was assessed through in-depth interviews with medicine sellers using a digital voice recorder. A total of 42 medicine sellers (42%) interviewed that they would have recommended antibiotics in response to a presentation of nonspecific URTI. In actual practice, antibiotics were dispensed in 108(54%) simulated visits. Total 5 drugs (tab ciprofloxacin, tab azithromycin, cap amoxicillin, cap cephradine, tab levofloxacin) was suggested by medicine sellers. Tab ciprofloxacin is the most preferable dispensed drug by medicine sellers in both actual and stated practices which were 73.15% (79/108 SCV) and 40.48 %( 17/42 medicine sellers) respectively. The most frequent question was "duration of disease" which was asked by medicine sellers in 76 %( 152/200) SCV. None of the medicine sellers asked about allergic history. Antibiotics were dispensed by medicine sellers in Dhaka city without prescriptions and appropriate indications. CBMJ 2020 January: Vol. 09 No. 01 P: 11-18

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Non-prescription sale of antibiotics in pharmacies across Puducherry, India

Abstract: This survey was undertaken to find out the extent of sales of antibiotics without an official medical prescription in Pondicherry, a Union Territory in India.

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India

No Prescription, No Problem! A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Stewardship Relating to Working Equines in Drug Retail Outlets of Northern India

Antibiotic Resistance (Abr) and Community Pharmacist: A Review

Antibiotic Dispensing Practice by Medicine Sellers in Dhaka City-A Cross-Sectional Study

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