No abstract

No abstract

The present study was designed to understand Bangladesh situation about antimicrobial resistance. Half of the Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella showed resistance against older and common antimicrobials. Most (50%) common reasons to prescribe antimicrobial are fever, respiratory and urinary tract infection. About 70% prescriber mentioned diagnostic uncertainty and emergence of resistance as causes for increase in antimicrobial prescribing. 51.9% of prescribers opined that physicians prescribe antimicrobial more than the actual need. About two-third of 5 th year medical students answered correctly on different issues related to antimicrobials and resistance. Antimicrobial and resistance received little emphasis in Pharmacology and Microbiology written questions at both undergraduate (0.7 to 16.1%) and postgraduate (0.9 to 18.4%) level. Print (0.02% to 2.0%) and electronic media (0.0 to 0.6%) attaches small importance on the issues. Nothing related to 'antimicrobials' and 'measure to contain resistance' were mentioned in related policy documents. Article Info

No abstract

Epitaxial beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) has been deposited on c-plane sapphire by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy technique using two methods. One method relied on a compound Ga2O3 source with oxygen plasma while the second used elemental Ga source with oxygen plasma. A side-by-side comparison of the growth parameters between these two methods has been demonstrated. With various substrate temperatures, pure phase (2¯01) oriented β-Ga2O3 thin films were obtained using both sources. Reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns displayed a threefold reconstruction during the growth. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed a shift in the binding energy of the Ga 2p peaks consistent with a Ga being in a +3 oxidation state. For transparent oxide like β-Ga2O3, it is important to determine the index of refraction (n) and its functional dependence on the wavelength. The Cauchy dispersion relation was employed to evaluate the refractive index, film thickness, roughness values, and extinction coefficient. The band gap energies of the thin films were calculated to be ∼5.02 eV by extrapolating the linear portion of Tauc-plot analysis and the refractive index is ∼1.89 at the wavelength (λ) of 6328 Å, suggesting high structural quality and packing density of the oxide films.