Non-native species litter reduces germination and growth of resident forbs and grasses: allelopathic, osmotic or mechanical effects?

Loydi, Alejandro; Donath, Tobias W.; Eckstein, R. Lutz; Otte, Annette

doi:10.1007/s10530-014-0750-x

Cited by 63 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…Litter biomass reflects past growth and can be an important driver of invasion impact by suppressing neighbours' establishment and growth (Farrer & Goldberg ; Loydi et al. ). Although litter biomass was not separated by species, visual inspections indicated that most of the litter present in the invaded areas was smooth brome litter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential responses of native and exotic plant species to an invasive grass are driven by variation in biotic and abiotic factors

Stotz

Gianoli

Patchell³

et al. 2016

J Vegetation Science

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Questions The impact of invasive species on community structure and function varies, yet it is difficult to predict. Different hypotheses have been proposed to predict invasive species establishment and impact on resident communities, based on characteristics of the resident community and/or environmental conditions. Invasive species, however, interact with both native and exotic species. The interaction with exotic species is important, as it can result in secondary invasion or greater impact on native species. Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is a widely planted forage crop, but also a harmful invasive species in North American grasslands, yet little is known about the variability of its impact on resident communities. We ask (1) whether smooth brome has a consistent impact on community structure and function; (2) which biotic and abiotic conditions are associated with smooth brome's impact on resident communities; and (3) whether smooth brome has a similar impact on native and exotic species, and which biotic or abiotic conditions drive the interaction of smooth brome with native and exotic species. Location Eight grasslands throughout Alberta, Canada. Methods We used space‐for‐time substitutions to quantify smooth brome's impact on different aspects of community structure and function, and whether it varies depending on species richness, productivity, temperature, precipitation and variation in precipitation. Results Smooth brome had a consistent negative impact on community structure and function. However, the strength of the effect depended on aspects of the local community. Smooth brome impacts on species richness were higher in species‐rich areas, while impact on resident species biomass was larger in productive, warmer and more variable sites. In most sites the negative effect of smooth brome on species richness was higher for native species, compared to exotics. Impact on native and exotic species richness was larger in species‐rich and more variable sites, respectively. Conclusions Understanding and predicting smooth brome's impact on community structure and function can help managers prescribe management plans to reduce negative impacts of smooth brome on native communities. Predicting the interaction of smooth brome with exotic species may be just as important when planning management strategies, to avoid secondary invasion and/or the accumulation of exotic species.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential responses of native and exotic plant species to an invasive grass are driven by variation in biotic and abiotic factors

Stotz

Gianoli

Patchell³

et al. 2016

J Vegetation Science

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“…In particular, Usuah et al (2013) observed that very small seeds were generally more sensitive to allelochemicals, and seed size defined the concentration needed to affect germination. McCalla & Norstard (1974) defined germination as the most sensitive vegetative stage to phytotoxins, since a short period of inhibition or stimulation strongly compromised plant ability to compete with neighbours (Loydi et al 2015). In general, the G T (%) index showed a similar response pattern in most species, decreasing along with increasing concentration, except in perennial ryegrass, which was the least sensitive to TC.…”

Section: Germination and Root Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terpenoid trans‐caryophyllene inhibits weed germination and induces plant water status alteration and oxidative damage in adult Arabidopsis

et al. 2016

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trans-Caryophyllene (TC) is a sesquiterpene commonly found as volatile component in many different aromatic plants. Although the phytotoxic effects of trans-caryophyllene on seedling growth are relatively explored, not many information is available regarding the phytotoxicity of this sesquiterpenes on weed germination and on adult plants. The phytotoxic potential of TC was assayed in vitro on weed germination and seedling growth to validate its phytotoxic potential on weed species. Moreover, it was assayed on the metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana adult plants, through two different application ways, spraying and watering, in order to establish the primary affected organ and to deal with the unknown mobility of the compound. The results clearly indicated that TC inhibited both seed germination and root growth, as demonstrated by comparison of the ED50 values. Moreover, although trans-caryophyllene-sprayed adult Arabidopsis plants did not show any effect, trans-caryophyllene-watered plants became strongly affected. The results suggested that root uptake was a key step for the effectiveness of this natural compound and its phytotoxicity on adult plants was mainly due to the alteration of plant water status accompanied by oxidative damage.

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“…; Larios & Suding ), increased nutrient and litter quantity (Farrer & Goldberg ) or allelopathic compounds (Callaway & Aschehoug ; Loydi et al. ). Because chemical and microbial mechanisms take time to develop (Theoharides & Dukes ; Amatangelo et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive litter feedbacks of an introduced species reduce native diversity and promote invasion in Californian grasslands

Mariotte

Spotswood

Farrer

et al. 2016

Applied Vegetation Science

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Questions Californian grasslands have a long history of invasion, starting with the introduction of exotic forage species a century ago, and followed by newer waves of invaders. Both exotic and invasive species produce large amounts of litter, but the importance of litter accumulation on the growth and expansion of these species has not been rigorously assessed. We addressed the following questions: (1) do litter type (exotic or invasive species) and litter quantity affect exotic and invasive plant performance; (2) at which plant life stages does litter accumulation effects occur; and (3) is litter accumulation impacting native species recruitment and diversity? Location Semi‐natural grasslands, northern California. Methods We created litter quantity gradients (0, 62.5, 125, 250 or 500 g·m−2) of three litter types (exotic or invasive species litter or a mixture of both). We evaluated litter effects on the germination, recruitment, production of flowers and biomass production of the exotic Avena fatua, the invasive Elymus caput‐medusae and a mixture of native species. We used litter depth as a proxy for litter accumulation and measured litter impacts on light availability at ground level, soil moisture, soil and microbial C and N. Results We found a significant litter depth impact on all species, but no litter type effects. Litter accumulation principally reduced light availability at ground level and positively affected exotic and invasive species at different life‐history stages. Above‐ground biomass production of the exotic species Avena increased with increased litter depth, suggesting a litter accumulation feedback. The invasive species Elymus responded to increased litter with increased seed production, rather than biomass production. In contrast, litter negatively affected the recruitment and diversity of native species. Conclusion Overall, our findings point to cascading effects in invasion with positive litter accumulation feedbacks of an exotic species simultaneously reducing native diversity and promoting seed production of a more recent invasive arrival. These results have strong consequences for invasion management and suggest that litter removal practices, such as burning and grazing, would better succeed at limiting the growth and spread of invasive species than herbicide application or seeding.

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Non-native species litter reduces germination and growth of resident forbs and grasses: allelopathic, osmotic or mechanical effects?

Cited by 63 publications

References 83 publications

Differential responses of native and exotic plant species to an invasive grass are driven by variation in biotic and abiotic factors

Differential responses of native and exotic plant species to an invasive grass are driven by variation in biotic and abiotic factors

Terpenoid trans‐caryophyllene inhibits weed germination and induces plant water status alteration and oxidative damage in adult Arabidopsis

Positive litter feedbacks of an introduced species reduce native diversity and promote invasion in Californian grasslands

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