Differential responses of native and exotic plant species to an invasive grass are driven by variation in biotic and abiotic factors

Abstract

Questions The impact of invasive species on community structure and function varies, yet it is difficult to predict. Different hypotheses have been proposed to predict invasive species establishment and impact on resident communities, based on characteristics of the resident community and/or environmental conditions. Invasive species, however, interact with both native and exotic species. The interaction with exotic species is important, as it can result in secondary invasion or greater impact on native species. Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is a widely planted forage crop, but also a harmful invasive species in North American grasslands, yet little is known about the variability of its impact on resident communities. We ask (1) whether smooth brome has a consistent impact on community structure and function; (2) which biotic and abiotic conditions are associated with smooth brome's impact on resident communities; and (3) whether smooth brome has a similar impact on native and exotic species, and which biotic or abiotic conditions drive the interaction of smooth brome with native and exotic species. Location Eight grasslands throughout Alberta, Canada. Methods We used space‐for‐time substitutions to quantify smooth brome's impact on different aspects of community structure and function, and whether it varies depending on species richness, productivity, temperature, precipitation and variation in precipitation. Results Smooth brome had a consistent negative impact on community structure and function. However, the strength of the effect depended on aspects of the local community. Smooth brome impacts on species richness were higher in species‐rich areas, while impact on resident species biomass was larger in productive, warmer and more variable sites. In most sites the negative effect of smooth brome on species richness was higher for native species, compared to exotics. Impact on native and exotic species richness was larger in species‐rich and more variable sites, respectively. Conclusions Understanding and predicting smooth brome's impact on community structure and function can help managers prescribe management plans to reduce negative impacts of smooth brome on native communities. Predicting the interaction of smooth brome with exotic species may be just as important when planning management strategies, to avoid secondary invasion and/or the accumulation of exotic species.

Biotic homogenization within and across eight widely distributed grasslands following invasion by Bromus inermis

“…, Stotz et al. ). It is currently invading all Canadian provinces and most of the United States (Grace et al.…”

“…, Stotz et al. ). Where it establishes, B. inermis forms dense patches with a sharp edge, with its cover dropping from 60% to zero in less than a meter (Bennett et al.…”

“…, Stotz et al. ). However, biotic homogenization can also ensue from initial changes in species relative abundances, prior to species loss, and/or due to species replacements (Olden and Rooney ; Fig.…”

“…, Stotz et al. ), and this impact can be deterministic, with B. inermis more strongly suppressing shade‐intolerant species (Bennett et al. ; Fig.…”

Herbivory enhances the resistance of mangrove forest to cordgrass invasion

“…Past studies indicate that the relative importance of competition and consumption varies with community structure (Stotz et al. ), species traits (Grutters et al. , Zerebecki et al.…”