Non-intrusive characterization of heat transfer fluid aerosol sprays released from an orifice

Sukmarg, Passaporn; Krishna, Kiran; Rogers, William J.; Kihm, Kenneth D.; Mannan, M. Sam

doi:10.1016/s0950-4230(01)00015-8

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The most important conclusion for process safety is that significant quantities of aerosol are formed from HTFs at conditions well below their flash points. However, there are threshold conditions below which significant amounts of aerosols were not formed in the tested ranges (Sukmarg et al, 2002). Operating conditions and leak size also had a significant effect on the mean droplet diameter, atomization distance, and the amount of aerosol generated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Photographs of the sprays at various conditions help to interpret the non-spherical droplet size data in the transition regions (Sukmarg et al, 2002), where the stream atomizes into aerosol. In these regions the Malvern laser reports mean droplet diameters with a higher uncertainty because the Malvern laser assumes the droplets are spherical.…”

Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictive correlations for leaking heat transfer fluid aerosols in air

Krishna

Kim

Kihm

et al. 2003

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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Mist or aerosol explosions present a serious hazard to process industries. Heat transfer fluids are widely used in the chemical process industry, are flammable above their flash points, and can cause aerosol explosions. Though the possibility of aerosol explosions has been widely documented, knowledge about their explosive potential is limited. Studying the formation of such aerosols by emulating leaks in process equipment will help define a source term for aerosol dispersions and aid in characterizing their explosion hazards.Current research conducted at the Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center involves the non-intrusive measurement of heat transfer fluid aerosol sprays using a Malvern Diffraction Particle Analyzer. A predictive correlation relating aerosol droplet diameters to bulk liquid pressures, temperatures, thermal and fluid properties, leak sizes, and ambient conditions is presented. This correlation can be used to predict the conditions under which leaks will result in the formation of aerosols and ultimately help in estimating the explosion hazards of heat transfer fluid aerosols. The goal is to provide information that will help improve safety in process industries. 

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive correlations for leaking heat transfer fluid aerosols in air

Krishna

Kim

Kihm

et al. 2003

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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“…The classical studies on the stability of fluid jet was conducted by Rayleigh and then Weber in 1931 extended the Rayleigh theory by considering the fluid viscosity, jet velocity and the surrounding air. 31,32 The surrounding air introduces the aerodynamic forces between the air-fluid interfaces. The aerodynamic forces and liquid jet velocity increase with an increase in working pressure.…”

Section: Visual Study Of the Jet Breakupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the borax mass and pre-spray medium temperature on droplet size and velocity vector distributions of intermittently sprayed starchy solutions

Naz

Sulaiman

Ariwahjoedi

2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Spray coating technology has demonstrated great potential in the slow release fertilizers industry. The better understanding of the key spray parameters benefits both the environment and low cost coating processes. The use of starch based materials to coat the slow release fertilizers is a new development. However, the hydraulic spray jet breakup of the non-Newtonian starchy solutions is a complex phenomenon and very little known. The aim of this research was to study the axial and radial distributions of the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and velocity vectors in pulsing spray patterns of native and modified tapioca starch solutions. To meet the objective, high speed imaging and Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) techniques were employed to characterize the four compositions of the starch-urea-borax complex namely S0, S1, S2 and S3. The unheated solutions exhibited very high viscosities ranging from 2035 to 3030 cP. No jet breakup was seen at any stage of the nozzle operation at an injection pressure of 1-5 bar. However, at 80 °C temperature and 5 bar pressure, the viscosity was reduced to 455 to 638 cP and dense spray patterns emerged from the nozzle obscuring the PDA signals. The axial size distribution revealed a significant decrease in SMD along the spray centreline. The smallest axial SMD (51 to 79 μm) was noticed in S0 spray followed by S1, S2 and S3. Unlikely, the radial SMD in S0 spray did not vary significantly at any stage of the spray injection. This trend was attributed to the continuous growth of the surface wave instabilities on the native starch sheet. However, SMD obtained with S1, S2 and S3 varied appreciably along the radial direction. The mean velocity vector profiles followed the non-Gaussian distribution. The constant vector distributions were seen in the near nozzle regions, where the spray was in the phase of development. In far regions, the velocity vectors were poly-dispersed and a series of ups and downs were seen in the respective radial distributions.

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“…Droplet sizes of the flammable aerosols range from as low as 30 μm to above 400 μm, depending on the release conditions and the fluid properties . Flash fires of flammable aerosols exhibit different characteristics than fires of flammable vapor mixtures. − The simple scenario of a flame front flashing through the flammable mixture is not applicable to flash fires of flammable aerosols, because fuel vapors are continuously evaporating from aerosol droplets to support the combustion reaction in the flames. Therefore, the heat release rates of flash fires of aerosols are expected to be significantly higher than that from fires of vapor mixtures, which may result in more severe damaging effects to the surrounding areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Flame Characteristics in Aerosols by Industrial Heat Transfer Fluids

Lian

Mejı́a

et al. 2011

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Due to the complexity of aerosol formation and the combustion process, fire and explosion hazards of flammable aerosols formed in the process industry are not fully understood. In this study, the flame propagation process of aerosolized industrial heat transfer fluids was investigated to understand the combustion phenomena in aerosol systems. Experimental observation shows different characteristics of flames propagation in aerosol systems, which are determined by the evaporated fuel vapor in aerosol system prior to encountering the flame and the amount of fuel vapor from droplets evaporating inside flames. Numerical modeling revealed that these factors were mainly determined by aerosol droplet size and velocity. The observed characteristics of the aerosol flames and the nature of continuous fuel evaporation that causes the reduction of droplet sizes suggest that ignition of flammable aerosols in the process plant might create more severe consequences than ignition of vapor mixtures. Results also imply that the aerosol dispersion conditions, as well as its formation conditions in scenarios of industrial fluid release, which determine the droplet size and movement velocity, need to be considered in assessment of fire hazard from the flammable aerosols.

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Non-intrusive characterization of heat transfer fluid aerosol sprays released from an orifice

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Predictive correlations for leaking heat transfer fluid aerosols in air

Predictive correlations for leaking heat transfer fluid aerosols in air

Effect of the borax mass and pre-spray medium temperature on droplet size and velocity vector distributions of intermittently sprayed starchy solutions

Study on Flame Characteristics in Aerosols by Industrial Heat Transfer Fluids

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