Noise Properties in the Ideal Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise Secure Communication System

Gingl, Zoltán; Mingesz, Róbert

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096109

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…in agreement with the results presented in [1]. We have carried out numerical simulations to obtain the joint statistics of IE and VE.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…It has already been stated that the security requires the use of Johnson-like noise, namely the noise must have normal distribution and the standard deviance must be scaled as the root of the resistance [2]. We have proven this statement using purely mathematical statistical tools [1], and in the present article we will show that these noise properties not only needed, but also guarantee absolute security against statistical attacks. Note that in this paper we do not address protection against attacks based on the analysis of the time dependence of the signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

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What Kind of Noise Guarantees Security for the Kirchhoff-Law–Johnson-Noise Key Exchange?

2014

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This article is a supplement to our recent one about the analysis of the noise properties in the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (KLJN) secure key exchange system [Gingl and Mingesz, PLOS ONE 9 (2014) e96109, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096109]. Here we use purely mathematical statistical derivations to prove that only normal distribution with special scaling can guarantee security. Our results are in agreement with earlier physical assumptions [Kish, Phys. Lett. A 352 (2006) 178-182, doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2005.062]. Furthermore, we have carried out numerical simulations to show that the communication is clearly unsecure for improper selection of the noise properties. Protection against attacks using time and correlation analysis is not considered in this paper.

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“…in agreement with the results presented in [1]. We have carried out numerical simulations to obtain the joint statistics of IE and VE.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

What Kind of Noise Guarantees Security for the Kirchhoff-Law–Johnson-Noise Key Exchange?

2014

Self Cite

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“…The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) [5] and the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (KLJN) [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] secure key exchange are two examples of hardware-based secure key exchange concepts that are information theoretically secure [27]. Thus even with infinite computing resources the key will not be extracted by Eve, because the security offered by these schemes are based on fundamental laws of physics, to crack the key exchange would require Eve to break the underpinning laws of physics.…”

Section: Hardware-based Secure Key Exchangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource Requirements and Speed versus Geometry of Unconditionally Secure Physical Key Exchanges

Gonzalez

Balog

Kish

2015

Entropy

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The imperative need for unconditional secure key exchange is expounded by the increasing connectivity of networks and by the increasing number and level of sophistication of cyberattacks. Two concepts that are theoretically information-secure are quantum key distribution (QKD) and Kirchoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (KLJN). However, these concepts require a dedicated connection between hosts in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks which can be impractical and or cost prohibitive. A practical and cost effective method is to have each host share their respective cable(s) with other hosts such that two remote hosts can realize a secure key exchange without the need of an additional cable or key exchanger. In this article we analyze the cost complexities of cable, key exchangers, and time required in the star network. We mentioned the reliability of the star network and compare it with other network geometries. We also conceived a protocol and equation for the number of secure bit exchange periods needed in a star network. We then outline other network geometries and trade-off possibilities that seem interesting to explore.

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“…The Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key distribution scheme [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] is a classical-statistical physical alternative to the quantum key distribution. Figure 1 depicts a binary version of the KLJN scheme and shows that, during a single-bit exchange, the communicating parties (Alice and Bob) connect their randomly chosen resistor (including its Johnson noise generator) to a wire channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid a potential information leak by variations in the shape of a probability distribution, the noises are Gaussian [1], and it has been proven that other distributions cannot offer perfect security [17,18]. The security against active (invasive) attacks is provided by the robustness of classical-physical quantities, which guarantees that they can be continuously monitored and exchanged between Alice and Bob via authenticated communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random-Resistor-Random-Temperature Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (RRRT-KLJN) Key Exchange

Kish¹,

Granqvist²

2016

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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We introduce two new Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key distribution schemes which are generalizations of the original KLJN scheme. The first of these, the Random-Resistor (RR-) KLJN scheme, uses random resistors with values chosen from a quasi-continuum set. It is well-known since the creation of the KLJN concept that such a system could work in cryptography, because Alice and Bob can calculate the unknown resistance value from measurements, but the RR-KLJN system has not been addressed in prior publications since it was considered impractical. The reason for discussing it now is the second scheme, the Random Resistor Random Temperature (RRRT-) KLJN key exchange, inspired by a recent paper of Vadai, Mingesz and Gingl, wherein security was shown to be maintained at non-zero power flow. In the RRRT-KLJN secure key exchange scheme, both the resistances and their temperatures are continuum random variables. We prove that the security of the RRRT-KLJN scheme can prevail at a non-zero power flow, and thus the physical law guaranteeing security is not the Second Law of Thermodynamics but the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem. Alice and Bob know their own resistances and temperatures and can calculate the resistance and temperature values at the other end of the communication channel from measured voltage, current and power-flow data in the wire. However, Eve cannot determine these values because, for her, there are four unknown quantities while she can set up only three equations. The RRRT-KLJN scheme has several advantages and makes all former attacks on the KLJN scheme invalid or incomplete.

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Noise Properties in the Ideal Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise Secure Communication System

Cited by 35 publications

References 17 publications

What Kind of Noise Guarantees Security for the Kirchhoff-Law–Johnson-Noise Key Exchange?

What Kind of Noise Guarantees Security for the Kirchhoff-Law–Johnson-Noise Key Exchange?

Resource Requirements and Speed versus Geometry of Unconditionally Secure Physical Key Exchanges

Random-Resistor-Random-Temperature Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (RRRT-KLJN) Key Exchange

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