No influence of ischemic preconditioning on running economy

Kaur, Gungeet; Binger, Megan; Evans, Claire; Trachte, Tiffany; Guilder, Gary P. Van

doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3522-8

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Thus, the changes reported herein are feasible and most likely reflect the training status of the participants recruited. Our findings contrast those reported after acute application of IPC, where no changes in running economy (Kaur et al 2017) or cycling economy (Clevidence et al 2012;Kilding et al 2018) have been reported. Furthermore, increasing the number of ischemic episodes during an acute application (up to 8 x 5-min), beyond the traditional 4 x 5-min protocol, elicited no additional improvements in performance (Cocking et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling

Jeffries

Evans²,

Waldron

et al. 2019

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has emerged as a potential non-invasive ergogenic aid to enhance exercise performance. Repeated application of IPC has demonstrated clinical efficacy, therefore our aims were to investigate its effect on endurance cycling performance and muscle efficiency. Twenty participants undertook 7-d repeated bilateral lower limb occlusion (4 x 5min) of IPC (220 mmHg) or sham (20 mmHg). Prior to and 72-h following the intervention, participants performed submaximal cycling at 70, 80 and 90 % of ventilatory threshold (VT) followed by an incremental exercise test. IPC had no effect on ̇O 2max (P = 0.110); however, time to exhaustion increased by ~ 9 % and Wmax by ~ 5 % (IPC pre 307 ± 45 to post 323 ± 51 W) relative to sham (P = 0.002). There were no changes in gross efficiency (GE) (P > 0.05); however, delta efficiency (DE) increased by 3.1 % following IPC (P = 0.011). Deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) was reduced following IPC ~ 30% (P = 0.017) with no change in total haemoglobin (tHb). Repeated IPC over 7-d enhanced muscle efficiency and extended cycling performance. The physiological effects of repeated IPC on skeletal muscle efficiency explains the notable improvements in endurance performance.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling

Jeffries

Evans²,

Waldron

et al. 2019

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…However, the calculated HR slope over the last minute was small (1.4 beats.min -1 ). Besides, even during truly steady state conditions, thus while running below lactate threshold and with longer (5 min) exercise blocks, HR does not completely level off [ 36 ]. Therefore, we believe that HR values and thus the speed range used in this study sufficiently reflect training intensities of this group of runners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal stride frequencies in running at different speeds

et al. 2017

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During running at a constant speed, the optimal stride frequency (SF) can be derived from the u-shaped relationship between SF and heart rate (HR). Changing SF towards the optimum of this relationship is beneficial for energy expenditure and may positively change biomechanics of running. In the current study, the effects of speed on the optimal SF and the nature of the u-shaped relation were empirically tested using Generalized Estimating Equations. To this end, HR was recorded from twelve healthy (4 males, 8 females) inexperienced runners, who completed runs at three speeds. The three speeds were 90%, 100% and 110% of self-selected speed. A self-selected SF (SFself) was determined for each of the speeds prior to the speed series. The speed series started with a free-chosen SF condition, followed by five imposed SF conditions (SFself, 70, 80, 90, 100 strides·min-1) assigned in random order. The conditions lasted 3 minutes with 2.5 minutes of walking in between. SFself increased significantly (p<0.05) with speed with averages of 77, 79, 80 strides·min-1 at 2.4, 2.6, 2.9 m·s-1, respectively). As expected, the relation between SF and HR could be described by a parabolic curve for all speeds. Speed did not significantly affect the curvature, nor did it affect optimal SF. We conclude that over the speed range tested, inexperienced runners may not need to adapt their SF to running speed. However, since SFself were lower than the SFopt of 83 strides·min-1, the runners could reduce HR by increasing their SFself.

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“…Out of these articles, 7 looked at running exercises. They found no effect during sprints, 44 submaximal running, 45 short distance running, 46 endurance performance in the heat, 47 time trials, 20 maximal acceleration, 48 and running on a field 49 . Four articles found no effect of IPC during cycling performances, such as submaximal cycling, 3 maximum cycling, 21 cycling at high altitude, 50 and anaerobic cycling 25 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Some of the 52 articles in this systematic review noted that further research should find out more about the effect of IPC on local factors, such as working limb flow, oxygen delivery, arteriovenous oxygen difference, 50 energy cost of endurance events, 45 and changes in intramuscular metabolism 36 . These parameters are often forgotten in analyses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of ischemic preconditioning in exercise performance: A systematic review

Caru

Levesque

Lalonde

et al. 2019

Journal of Sport and Health Science

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Highlights This systematic review provides a comprehensive review examining the ischemic preconditioning (IPC) literature in sports science over the last 28 years. Studies showed the extent to which IPC can be beneficial to exercise performance. However, not all studies directly observed a positive effect of IPC on exercise performance. The effects of IPC intervention seemed to be more effective in healthy subjects who wished to enhance their performance in aerobic exercises than in athletes. Important clinical heterogeneities and methodologic heterogeneities were reported between studies (i.e., statistical, IPC interventions, outcomes, study participants, and study design heterogeneities).

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No influence of ischemic preconditioning on running economy

Abstract: The properties of ischemic preconditioning thought to affect exercise performance at vigorous to severe exercise intensities, which generate more extensive physiological challenge, are ineffective at submaximal workloads and, therefore, do not change running economy.

Cited by 16 publications

References 57 publications

Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling

Seven-day ischaemic preconditioning improves muscle efficiency during cycling

Optimal stride frequencies in running at different speeds

An overview of ischemic preconditioning in exercise performance: A systematic review

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