Nitrogen Fixation

Cooper, J. E.; Scherer, Heinrich W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384905-2.00016-9

Cited by 29 publications

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“…The nitrogen fixing potential of each nodule is determined by three main factors (Cooper and Scherer 2012): (a) photosynthates availability, which was maintained by enhanced photosynthesis (Figure 2), (b) low oxygen supply to the bacteroid, which at excessive level inhibits nitrogenase, was maintained by restricted O 2 supply by the mediation of increase in leghemoglobin (Table 1) and (c) export of fixed nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Nitrogen fixed in the form of ammonia diffuses across the peribacteroid membrane to the host cytosol by simple diffusion (Udvardi and Day 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic acid mediated changes in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Cicer arietinum L.

Hayat¹,

Hayat²,

Alyemeni³

et al. 2012

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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417Salicylic acid (SA) is considered to be a potent plant hormone because of its diverse regulatory roles in plant metabolism (Hayat et al. 2010). SA is an endogenous plant growth regulator of phenolic nature that possesses an aromatic ring with a hydroxyl group or its functional derivative. SA is known to affect growth and bioproductivity in the crops (Hayat et al. 2010). It is also recognized that SA potentially generates a wide array of metabolic responses in plants and also affects photosynthetic parameters and plant water relations (Fariduddin et al. 2003, Hayat et al. 2005. The oxidative damage caused to the plants due to the increased generation of reactive oxygen species under stressful environment could be mitigated by the external application of SA (Hayat et al. 2010). A large body of literature demonstrates the effect of SA seed soaking on plant growth and development. However, very little is known about the effect of SA applied to foliage on plant growth and development. Keeping in view the diverse physiological roles played by SA, the present research was undertaken to improve our understanding of the effect of the various concentrations of SA applied as foliar spray on the growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and its assimilation in chickpea and to screen for the most effective concentration of SA. MATERIAL AND METHODSPlant material and growth condition. The certified seeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. Avarodhi were purchased from the National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi, India. The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.01% mercuric chloride solution followed by inoculation with Rhizobium and were sown in earthen pots (0.254 m in diameter) filled with sandy loam soil and farmyard manure (6:1) arranged under a simple randomized block design in the net house of the Botany Department of Aligarh Muslim University, India during the winter season (November-February). The temperature was 15-25°C and irrigation was done on alternate days during the experiment. At the stage of 30 days after sowing (DAS), the foliage of the plants was sprayed uniformly either with double distilled water (control), ethanol (5%), Tween-20 (0.5%) or with different concentrations (10 -4 , 10 -5 or 10 -6 mol/L) of SA dissolved in ethanol to elucidate the effect of exogenous SA on plants. The plants were sampled at 90 DAS to assess various growth and physiological parameters. Tween-20 was used as a surfactant. Both ethanol and Tween 20 were sprayed separately to see whether the effects are solely by SA or by the combination of these.Salicylic acid mediated changes in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Cicer arietinum L. ABSTRACTThe present study reveals that the foliar application of salicylic acid (SA), irrespective of the concentration used, generated an increase of dry mass per plant, nodule dry mass and leghemoglobin content in chickpea plants. The activity of nitrogenase (E.C 1.18.6.1), nitrate reductase (NR) (E.C. 1.6.6.1), glutamine synthetase (GS) (E.C 6.3.1.2), ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic acid mediated changes in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Cicer arietinum L.

Hayat¹,

Hayat²,

Alyemeni³

et al. 2012

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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“…oil metallic nutrients, including Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn, participate in critical processes such as cell redox homoeostasis and photosynthesis 1,2 , and thus are essential for microbial and plant growth 3 . Likewise, these metallic nutrients also play key roles in biogeochemical processes 4 such as plant litter decomposition and N fixation [5][6][7][8] . Climatic conditions (e.g., aridity) and soil properties (e.g., pH, organic matter and clay content) may induce alterations in the availability of metallic nutrients 9 , affecting the performance of soil organisms and plants, as well as the many processes that depend on them 10 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Biocrusts buffer against the accumulation of soil metallic nutrients induced by warming and rainfall reduction

et al. 2020

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The availability of metallic nutrients in dryland soils, many of which are essential for the metabolism of soil organisms and vascular plants, may be altered due to climate changedriven increases in aridity. Biocrusts, soil surface communities dominated by lichens, bryophytes and cyanobacteria, are ecosystem engineers known to exert critical functions in dryland ecosystems. However, their role in regulating metallic nutrient availability under climate change is uncertain. Here, we evaluated whether well-developed biocrusts modulate metallic nutrient availability in response to 7 years of experimental warming and rainfall reduction in a Mediterranean dryland located in southeastern Spain. We found increases in the availability of K, Mg, Zn and Na under warming and rainfall exclusion. However, the presence of a well-developed biocrust cover buffered these effects, most likely because its constituents can uptake significant quantities of available metallic nutrients. Our findings suggest that biocrusts, a biotic community prevalent in drylands, exert an important role in preserving and protecting metallic nutrients in dryland soils from leaching and erosion. Therefore, we highlight the need to protect them to mitigate undesired effects of soil degradation driven by climate change in this globally expanding biome.

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“…According to Cooper and Scherer (2012), nitrogen fixing potential of each nodule is determined by three main factors: (a) photosynthates availability, which is maintained by enhanced photosynthesis, (b) low oxygen supply to the bacteroid, which at excessive level inhibits nitrogenase, is maintained by restricted O 2 supply by the mediation of increase in leghemoglobin and (c) export of fixed nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Ammonia then diffuses across the peribacteroid membrane to the host cytosol by simple diffusion (Udvardi and Day, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of salicylic acid on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under chromium(VI) toxicity

Sangwan

Kumar

Gulati

et al. 2015

Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology

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Nitrogen Fixation

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Salicylic acid mediated changes in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Cicer arietinum L.

Salicylic acid mediated changes in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Cicer arietinum L.

Biocrusts buffer against the accumulation of soil metallic nutrients induced by warming and rainfall reduction

Interactive effects of salicylic acid on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under chromium(VI) toxicity

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