Nitride-based near-ultraviolet LEDs with an ITO transparent contact

InGaN/GaN ultraviolet LED with a graphene/AZO transparent current spreading layer

“…The conventional Ni/Au CSL has a good electrical performance on p-GaN, but the low transparency in the NUV range hinders its use in NUV LEDs [8][9][10]. Today, indium tin oxide (ITO) with superior conductivity and transparency has been widely used as a CSL material in NUV LEDs [11][12][13]. However, the cost of ITO can grow high in the future due to the scarceness of indium while its thermal stability is not satisfactory [14,15].…”

Indium Tin Oxide-Free Transparent Conductive Electrode for GaN-Based Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes

“…To solve these problems, researchers have widely used indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conductive electrode (TCE) in InGaN-based LEDs with the advantages of high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency; however, ITO is costly and shows low transparency in the UV range and instability in the presence of acids or bases. 4,5 Therefore, there is a significant need for a novel electrode material that can replace ITO. Promising candidates for ITO replacement in UV LEDs include metal nanowires, singlewalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene.…”

Study on Needles and Cracks of Tin-doped Indium Oxide Tablets for Electron Beam Evaporation Process

“…One of the most important applications of the ITO films deposited by EB evaporation is served as the p-type electrodes of GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs). The utilization of the ITO films substituting for metal films can enhance the output of light from GaN-based LEDs 13,14 , which is due to its low direct current resistivity and high transmittance in the visible light range.…”