NIR‐Triggered Multi‐Mode Antitumor Therapy Based on Bi₂Se₃/Au Heterostructure with Enhanced Efficacy

Abstract

therapy because of the non-invasiveness, biosafety, and improved tissue penetrability. [1][2][3] Hence, multiple therapeutic modalities induced by NIR, such as photothermal therapy (PTT), [4,5] photodynamic therapy (PDT), [6,7] and photoimmunotherapy (PIT), [8][9][10] have emerged based on various photosensitive nanoparticles (PSs). However, conventional PSs triggered by NIR often induce monotherapy with poor therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, it is highly desirable to endow a facile photosensitizer with abundant therapeutic functions and considerable photoconversion efficiency upon single NIR irradiation for efficient tumor therapy.Lately, photocatalytic therapy (PCT) has attracted increasing attention based on inorganic semiconducting nanomaterials with specific electronic band structure, [11][12][13] which could generate electron-hole pairs triggered by light energy higher than their band gaps. [14] Subsequently, photo-induced charge carriers could convert ambient H 2 O, O 2 , and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to cytotoxic ROS, which seriously damage DNA and protein of cancer cells. [15] In pursuit of excellent properties for NIR in clinical application, the semiconductors with narrow bandgap have been largely employed in phototherapy, such as MoS 2 , [16,17] MoSe 2 , [18] WS 2 , [19] Bi 2 S 3 , [20,21] etc. However, they are restricted in PCT application with poor ROS production caused by rapid recombination of electronhole pairs with reduced photo-derivated redox ability. [22] Therefore, for promoting the electron-hole separation, construction of heterostructured semiconductor nanomaterials has been intensively developed as an effective strategy. [23] To date, semiconductor/semiconductor [24][25][26] and inorganic nonmetal/semiconductor [12,27,28] heterostructured photocatalysts have been fabricated to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. For instance, MoSe 2 /CoSe 2 heterostructured nanosheets [26] and Ti 3 C 2 /g-C 3 N 4 two-dimensional heterostructures [27] both contribute to the NIR-triggered ROS generation. Nevertheless, the specific position of conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) limited by complicated Z-scheme mechanism remains a great challenge for the design of heterostructures, [29] which would hinder the PCT application. Thus, simply integrating precious metal nanoparticles with single semiconductors grabbed more attention based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) Of all the reaction oxygen species (ROS) therapeutic strategies, NIR lightinduced photocatalytic therapy (PCT) based on semiconductor nanomaterials has attracted increasing attention. However, the photocatalysts suffer from rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs due to the narrow band gaps, which are greatly restricted in PCT application. Herein, Bi 2 Se 3 /Au heterostructured photocatalysts are fabricated to solve the problems by introducing Au nanoparticles (NPs) in situ on the surface of the hollow mesoporous structured Bi 2 Se 3 . Owing to the lower work function of Au NPs, the photo-induced electrons are ea...

Emerging Bismuth Chalcogenides Based Nanodrugs for Cancer Radiotherapy

“…Many well-designed Bi 2 X 3 -based nanocomposites have shown great potential in improving tumor hypoxia and RT efficiency. Bi 2 X 3 -based nanocomposites with ideal structure and morphology can be prepared through specific synthesis strategies due to their unique and flexible physical and chemical properties, such as hollow structure (Song et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2020), mesoporous structure (Sun et al, 2019; Yang et al, 2021), core-shell structure (Li et al, 2017;Li et al, 2018). For example, Song et al (2016) prepared PEGylated hollow Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles (PEG-Bi 2 Se 3 NPs) through cation exchange reaction based on the Kirkendall effect.…”

Near‐Infrared Light‐Activatable Bismuth‐Based Nanomaterials for Antibacterial and Antitumor Treatment

“…Meanwhile, Bi 2 Se 3 /Au heterostructure photocatalysts were fabricated by introducing Au nanoparticles on the hollow mesoporous structured Bi 2 Se 3 surface. [ 46 ] Bi 2 Se 3 /Au improves electron‐hole pair separation and efficient ROS production. According to density functional theory studies, Bi 2 Se 3 /Au heterostructures improve photothermal efficiency because of effective orbital overlaps with faster electron migrations.…”

Ultrasmall AgBiSe2 nanodots for CT/thermal imaging-guided photothermal tumor therapy in the NIR-II biowindow

“…17 However, the application of these nanosystems in NIR-II was limited by the complex synthetic method, large size, and low NIR-II light absorption. 18,19 Existing studies show that most ternary chalcogenide semiconductor materials with photothermal therapy and biological imaging were mostly still in the NIR-I regime, 20,21 such as sulfides, [22][23][24][25] selenides, [26][27][28] and their composites. [29][30][31] Very recently, AgBiSe 2 has been widely studied and well accepted in the application of photovoltaics, 32 thermoelectric devices, and photocatalysis 33 due to its intrinsic narrow band gap (0.6-0.8 eV) and high degree of Ag/Bi bimetal ion disordering.…”

“…17 However, the application of these nanosystems in NIR-II was limited by the complex synthetic method, large size, and low NIR-II light absorption. 18,19 Existing studies show that most ternary chalcogenide semiconductor materials with photothermal therapy and biological imaging were mostly still in the NIR-I regime, 20,21 such as sulfides, 22–25 selenides, 26–28 and their composites. 29–31…”