“…The first problem can be tackled by the development of improved membrane separators between the anode and cathode departments (Yong et al, 2009; Brouzgou et al, 2012) as well as the search for methanol-tolerant cathodes (Antolini et al, 2008); the second problem has prompted decades of electrochemical research (both theoretical and experimental) into modified Pt-based catalysts that are CO-tolerant (Petry et al, 1965; Beden et al, 1981; Shibata and Motoo, 1986, 1987; Hamnett and Kennedy, 1988; Ishikawa et al, 2004; Demirci, 2007). Both binary (Page et al, 2000; Park et al, 2002; Zhang et al, 2004; Koffi et al, 2005; Martz et al, 2005; Salgado et al, 2005, 2006; Yang et al, 2005; Antolini et al, 2006a; Royochowdhury et al, 2006; Stassi et al, 2006; Yuan et al, 2006; Kristian and Wang, 2008) and ternary (Lima et al, 2001; Lamy et al, 2002; Cooper and McGinn, 2006; Liu et al, 2006; Wang et al, 2006; Antolini, 2007; Zhang et al, 2007; Huang et al, 2009; Kim et al, 2012; Poh et al, 2012; Zhang and McGinn, 2012; Lee et al, 2013; Li et al, 2013; Tusi et al, 2013) Pt-based systems have been tested, with Ru being accepted almost universally as the second metal, mainly due to its ability to form surface oxides and hydroxides that can oxidize and remove the CO intermediate. As far as the third metal is concerned, a variety of other candidates have been tested (usually transition metals) (Lima et al, 2001; Lamy et al, 2002; Cooper and McGinn, 2006; Antolini, 2007; Zhang and McGinn, 2012).…”