New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance

Fang, Yuan; Zhang, Yi; Zhou, Zhengbin; Shang, Xianwen; Shi, Wei; Xue, Jing-Bo; Li, Yuanyuan; Wu, Jia-Tong

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3267-9

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Whereas, for genotype III the submitted sequences of GenBank showed highest nucleotide identity of approximately 99% with Indian isolate JEV/SW/IVRI/395A/2014. As reported earlier also, genetic diversity is low for the E gene at nucleotide and amino acid level [23]. The mutational analysis showed a single mutation in GI strain, whereas sporadic mutations along with two consistent mutations were observed for all the GIII strains.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The transmission of JEV is endemic in around 24 countries of South East Asia and Western Pacific regions [22]. More than 3 billion people are at risk of JEV infection with approximately 68,000 clinical cases reported every year [23]. JEV epidemics among human was first reported in Haryana, India in 1990 [24] and a major outbreak was reported from Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh, India in 2005 [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India

Datey

Singh²,

Rajkhowa

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) comes under the family Flaviviridae and genus flavivirus. It predominantly infects the children under the age of 10 years and the case fatality rate can stretch out as high as 30%. Pigs act as reservoir and amplifying intermediate host for JEV. Recent report suggested longer persistence of JEV in tonsil than in circulation of experimentally infected pigs. The current investigation was conducted to understand the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of JEV infection in pigs in three different geographical sites in India (Odisha, Assam and Manipur). Serum samples were tested by ELISA and RT-PCR for detection of JEV, while only RT-PCR was done in case of tonsils tissues collected from pigs slaughtered in abattoir. Prevalence of JEV was highest in Manipur (25.45% in serum and 10.08% in tonsil) but lower in Assam (3.75% in serum and 0% in tonsils) and Odisha (1.49% in serum and 3.7% in tonsils). The percentage of sero-positivity was found to be 3.75% of IgM and 9.9% of IgG in Assam and Odisha respectively. Genotype III (GIII) of JEV was the dominant genotype and sporadic mutations of S83G, H76P, E78Q, C55S, and S64W along with two consistent mutations V46S and V51I were observed in all the GIII strains. Analysis of the E gene sequence revealed a single mutation, S118N in the GI strain. Older pigs (above 7 months) were found to be infected relatively more (8.6%) than younger pigs (age group 3-7 months). In conclusion, the high JE virus infection rate of pig in the current locations suggests the need for continuous surveillance of this virus in pigs which will ultimately help to adopt an effective control strategy to prevent the spread of JE infection to human.Author summaryJapanese encephalitis is one of the contributing factors in acute encephalitis syndrome cases reported across India as well as Asia. Primarily young naive human population are affected with JEV. The death rate can be as high as 30% and in about 30%-50% surviving population paralysis, brain damage or other serious permanent sequelae may be observed. The viral load gets amplified in pigs and thus plays a crucial role in transmitting the infection in human communities living in close proximity to pig dwelling. The current study was conducted to demonstrate prevalence of JEV in pig population of three geographical regions of India viz. the States of Odisha, Assam and Manipur that have reported JE outbreaks in human population. The current study demonstrates that the rate of infection is 3.28% among pigs in Manipur followed by Assam and Odisha. GIII was found to be the most predominant JEV genotype, while only one GI genotype strain was detected from Odisha region. These findings suggested the need of continuous surveillance of this virus in pigs and proper implementation of human and animal vaccination programme to control the infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India

Datey

Singh²,

Rajkhowa

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…The mechanism of changing genotypes in traditional JE epidemic areas is a hot topic. Our study showed that no mutation was observed at the 8 key amino acid residues related to virulence and virus attenuation on E gene between GI and GIII strains, but another 4 amino acid residues were detected different (E129T→M, E222A→S, E327S→T and E366A→S), which were also partially or entirely detected in researches in Shanghai Province (E222, E327 and E366) [ 47 ], Shandong Province (E129, E222, E327 and E366) [ 48 ] and Thailand (E222, E327 and E366) [ 49 ]. Xiao C [ 50 ] suggested that GI strains developed higher viremia titers and longer viremic durations than GIII strains in avian cells and birds, resulting in a more efficient transmission in the bird-mosquito-bird cycle for GI JEV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Serological and molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, China, 2015-2018

Deng

Yan

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Shifts have occurred in the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE), extending from the molecular level to the population level. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of JE neutralizing antibodies in healthy populations from different age groups in Zhejiang Province, and to conduct mosquito monitoring to evaluate the infection rate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among vectors, as well as the molecular characteristics of the E gene of isolated JEV strains. Methodology/Principal findings A total of 1190 sera samples were screened by a microseroneutralization test, including 429 infants (28d-11m) and 761 participants (2y-82y). For those under 1 year old, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the JE neutralizing antibody was 9.49 at birth and significantly declined as the age of month increased (r =-0.225, P<0.001). For those above 1-year old, seropositive proportions were higher in subjects aged 1-3 years old as well as �25 years old (65%-75%), and relatively lower in subjects aged between 4-25 years old (22%-55%). Four or more years after the 2 nd dose of JEV-L (first dose administered at 8 months and the second at 2 years of age), the seropositive proportion decreased to 32.5%, and GMTs decreased to 8.08. A total of 87,201 mosquitoes were collected from livestock sheds in 6 surveillance sites during 2015-2018, from which 139 E gene sequences were successfully amplified. The annual infection rate according to bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation of JEV in Culex tritaeniorhynchus was 1.56, 2.36, 5.65 and 1.77 per 1000, respectively. JEV strains isolated during 2015-2018 all belonged to Genotype I. The E gene of amplified 139 samples differed from the JEV-L vaccine strain at fourteen amino acid residues, including the eight key residues related to virulence and virus attenuation. No divergence was observed at the sites related to antigenicity. Conclusions/Significance Zhejiang Province was at a high risk of JE exposure due to relatively lower neutralizing antibody levels among the younger-aged population and higher infection rates of JEV in PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

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“…Next, 200 μl of supernatant from each ground sample was added to the Roche® MagNA Pure 96 sample plate. The latter was performed using a MagNA Pure 96 System (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), as described in a previous study [29]. To detect kdr mutations, the region of the VGSC gene containing codon 1014 was PCR amplified using the primer pair kdr -F (5′-TGC CAC TCC GTG TGT TTA GA-3′) and kdr -R (5′-GAG CGA TGA TGA TCC GAA AT-3′) [23].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, we were unable to detect any kdr mutations in samples collected from the nearby Dongtan National Nature Reserve in Chongming District. Unfortunately, these samples were pooled for mosquito pathogen detection [28, 29]. Chongming District (also known as Chongming Island) is an island in the Yangtze estuary, separated from mainland Shanghai by the Yangtze River.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides, and the geographical distribution and polymorphisms of target-site mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase 1 genes in Anopheles sinensis populations in Shanghai, China

Fang

Shi

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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Background: In the final phase of China's national programme to eliminate malaria by 2020, it is vitally important to monitor the resistance of malaria vectors for developing effective vector control strategies. In 2017 Shanghai declared that it had eliminated malaria; however, the insecticide resistance status of the primary malaria vector Anopheles sinensis remains unknown. Methods: We examined the pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance of An. sinensis via a bioassay of two populations from the Chongming District of Shanghai. The voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase 1 (ace-1) genes were partially sequenced to examine the association between resistance phenotype and target site genotype. In addition, the geographical distribution, polymorphism and genotype frequencies of insecticide resistance genes were examined using samples collected during routine mosquito surveillance in 2016 and 2017 from Chongming, Songjiang, Jiading and Qingpu Districts. Results: In Chongming District, the An. sinensis population near Dongtan National Nature Reserve showed resistance to pyrethroids, sensitivity to organophosphate, no knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the VGSC gene, and a low frequency (1.71%) of the ace-1 119S allele. An An. sinensis population near the Chongming central area (CM-Xinhe population) showed high resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates and high frequencies of kdr 1014F and 1014C (80.73%) and ace-1 119S (85.98%) alleles. A significant association was detected between the homozygous kdr mutation 1014F/1014F and pyrethroid resistance in the CM-Xinhe population, indicating that the kdr mutation is probably recessive. Eight kdr genotypes with 1014F and 1014C substitutions were detected in the four surveyed

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New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance

Cited by 29 publications

References 73 publications

Molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India

Molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India

Serological and molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, China, 2015-2018

Resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides, and the geographical distribution and polymorphisms of target-site mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase 1 genes in Anopheles sinensis populations in Shanghai, China

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