New Developments in the Chemistry of War Gases.

Sartori, Mario

doi:10.1021/cr60150a002

Cited by 41 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Nitrogen mustards, tertiary 2,2′-dichlorodialkylamines, have an overall structural and toxicological similarity to sulfur mustard. 6,39,40 They are colorless, nearly odorless liquids, and like the sulfur mustards are also reactive and undergo a complex hydrolysis process, including polymerization (Fig. 4).…”

Section: Stability and Aquationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards: stability and reactivity

et al. 2012

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Mustard gas, bis(β-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD), is highly toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. It comprises one class of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that was used in both World Wars I and II. The three basic analogues or surrogates are: the monochloro derivative, known as the half mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES); an oxygen analogue, bis(β-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE); and several nitrogen analogues based on the 2,2'-dichlorodiethylamine framework (e.g., HN1, HN2, and HN3). The origin of their toxicity is considered to be from the formation of three-membered heterocyclic ions, a reaction that is especially accelerated in aqueous solution. The reaction of these cyclic ion intermediates with a number of important biological species such as DNA, RNA and proteins causes cell toxicity and is responsible for the deleterious effects of the mustards. While a number of studies have been performed over the last century to determine the chemistry of these compounds, early studies suffered from a lack of more sophisticated NMR and X-ray techniques. It is now well-established that the sulfur and nitrogen mustards are highly reactive in water, while the oxygen analog is much more stable. In this study, we review and summarize results from previous studies, and add results of our own studies of the reactivity of these mustards toward various nonaqueous solvents and nucleophiles. In this manner a more comprehensive evaluation of the stability and reactivity of these related mustard compounds is achieved.

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Section: Stability and Aquationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). 6 Another sulfur mustard analogue is the monochloro derivative, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), the half mustard. Sulfur mustard was first introduced during World War I, and since that time, the preparation and properties of the mustards have been extensively studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards: stability and reactivity

et al. 2012

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“…However, the concentration or the time of the exposure needed to trigger the pathophysiological effects after SM exposure have not been fully elucidated yet, leading to unsuccessful treatments. The present study uses nitrogen mustard (NM), which has structural and toxicological properties that are similar to SM and can been used as a surrogate [19][20][21]. The aim of the present study was to (i) characterize corneal damage induced by (NM), in the ex vivo isolated rabbit eye, and (ii) assess the impact of NM exposure on the metabolic profile of the cornea using untargeted lipidomics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen mustard-induced corneal injury involves the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway

Charkoftaki¹,

Jester

Thompson

et al. 2018

The Ocular Surface

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“…Charcoal was identified as the cheaper and reliable alternative for this purpose owing to its enhanced sorption properties and high surface area, and hence, was selected for use in gas masks. It was further modified by several chemical ingredients to tailor the chemical activity towards wide range of chemical warfare agents [31][32][33] .…”

Section: Gas Filtersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

Prasad

Singh

Vijayaraghavan

2008

DSJ

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Chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents pose unavoidable threat, both to soldiers and civilians. Exposure to such deadly agents amidst the CBW agents contaminated environment can be avoided by taking proper protective measures. Respiratory protection is indispensable when the soldiers or civilians are surrounded by such deadly environment as contamination-free air is needed for respiration purposes. In this context, an attempt has been made to review the literature for the past five decades on development of various protective devices for respiratory protection against aerosols, gases, and vapours of CBW agents. This review covers structural, textural, and adsorption properties of materials used in gas filters and mechanical filters for the removal of CBW agents.

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New Developments in the Chemistry of War Gases.

Cited by 41 publications

References 42 publications

Sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards: stability and reactivity

Sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards: stability and reactivity

Nitrogen mustard-induced corneal injury involves the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway

Respiratory Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

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