Neurotoxic Effects of Insecticides Chlorpyrifos, Carbaryl, Imidacloprid, in Different Animal Species

Abstract

Insecticides are pesticides used to control insects in agriculture, ornamental gardens, homes, and veterinary medicine. Although the toxic effects on the environment and the health of living beings are not fully understood, these pesticides have become the first options for crop protection in agriculture. After herbicides, insecticides are the most extensively used pesticides in agriculture, with large quantities consumed on every continent, primarily in America. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and imidacloprid are among the top ten most used insecticides. Amidst organophosphates, chlorpyrifos has been reported to be used in over fifty food crops. Carbaryl is a carbamate employed as an insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, and nematicide. Similarly, neonicotinoids are the most used insecticide on a global scale. Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid, the second most frequently used pesticide, surpassed only by glyphosate. It is used because it is less toxic to humans. However, insects appear to be less resistant to its compounds. Evidence suggests that these insecticides persist in soils for a long time and have neurotoxic effects in animal species not intended to receive its consequences. Thus, this chapter’s aim is to describe these three pesticides effects and contrast them with the most recent findings regarding their neurotoxic effects in various animal species.

Toxicity of conventional pesticides on the ecosystem services of terrestrial arthropod fauna in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cultivation in San Martin, Peru

“…Se han mostraron reducciones drásticas en los microartrópodos de suelo por la acción del clorpirifos en los cultivos de algodón y Capsicum (Suresh et al, 2021). Según la clasificación toxicológica de los plaguicidas de la OMS (2020), el clorpirifos es un neurotóxico que puede disminuir la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa y se presenta con base a su ingrediente activo una DL50 oral (mg/kg) para la rata y se ubica en la clase II al ser inferior a 200 mg. Por lo tanto, se considera moderadamente peligroso (Mora-Gutiérrez et al, 2021). Lo cual concuerda con los resultados del presente trabajo sobre el GT detritívoro.…”

Remediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soils by crude secondary metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum T213 and its effect on maize growth

“…Chlorpyrifos persists in soils ranging from a few days to four years; the persistence increases in more acidic soils (Mora-Gutiérrez et al 2021). Therefore, the insecticidal impact of chlorpyrifos could be harmful to humans and other organisms (Ang et al 2005).…”

The Buzz on Insecticides: A Review of Uses, Molecular Structures, Targets, Adverse Effects, and Alternatives

“…Currently, besides neonicotinoids (especially imidacloprid), the other two most used insecticides are organophosphates (more specifically chlorpyrifos) and carbamates (more specifically carbaryl). Organophosphate insecticides correspond to roughly half of all insecticides used worldwide, with chlorpyrifos being the most widely used (approved to be used on more than 50 different crops) [24]. Regarding carbamate insecticides, there are ≈50 chemicals that belong to this family and are used as fungicides, herbicides, and nematicides, in addition to being used as insecticides [25,26].…”

“…Regarding carbamate insecticides, there are ≈50 chemicals that belong to this family and are used as fungicides, herbicides, and nematicides, in addition to being used as insecticides [25,26]. Carbaryl, a white crystalline solid, was the first carbamate to be commercialized, and to this day, it is more widely used than all the other carbamates combined [24].…”