SUMMARYPurpose: To evaluate the frequency and the consequences of the co-infection of hepatitis B and C viruses in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS).Methods: B and C serologic markers, exposure to risk factors, biochemical assays, upper gastrointestinal endoscopies, and abdominal ultrasonograms were evaluated in 101 patients with HSS from 1994 to 1997. Whenever possible, PCR was tested and histopathological studies were reviewed.Results: At least one HBV virus marker was found in 15.8%, and anti-HCV was detected in 12.9% of the subjects. The seropositive subjects tended to be older than the seronegative ones. A history of blood transfusion was significantly related to the presence of anti-HCV. Three (18.75%) out of 16 subjects exposed to B virus were HBsAg positive. Eleven (84.6%) out of thirteen patients who were anti-HCV positive demonstrated viral activity. Patients with ongoing viral infection presented a higher average level of liver aminotransferases, a higher frequency of cell decompensation and a higher rate of chronic hepatitis. Portal hypertension parameters were not influenced by viral exposure. Conclusions:The rate of hepatitis B and C viruses serologic markers observed in the patients with HSS was higher than the control group. The co-infection was responsible for a higher frequency of cell decompensation.
ResumoO artigo analisa as transformações da família no Brasil ocorrido sob a influência da modernização capitalista e dos movimentos sociais libertários em defesa da democracia, da liberdade e igualdade, reconhecimento das diferenças e dos direitos humanos e individuais. De forma não exaustiva procura recuperar alguns dos principais marcos dessas mudanças, com destaque para o período pós-1964, quando se deu a aceleração do processo de modernização e a revolução de valores que levou à crise da família nos anos 1970 e à sua passagem, nas décadas seguintes, do tradicional modelo hierárquico e autoritário para outras formas de organização familiar mais democráticas e igualitárias. Instituição historicamente determinada, a família acompanha as mudanças da sociedade incorporando novos valores, funções e formas de organização, de acordo com as ideologias dominantes e necessidades sociais, culturais, econômicas e políticas de cada época. PalavrasCom base nessa compreensão histórica este artigo analisa as transformações da família brasileira, destacando duas principais influências: a modernização capitalista, em especial o projeto modernizador implantando pelo governo pós-64 que, apesar de conservador e repressor, promoveu grandes transformações sociais, econômicas e culturais; e a expansão dos movimentos sociais libertários que ganharam corpo nos anos 1970, embalados pelos
Insecticides play a critical role in controlling the spread of insect-borne diseases and preserving crop health. These chemical substances are specifically formulated to kill or manage insect populations. Over the years, various types of insecticides have been developed, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, each with unique modes of action, physiological targets, and efficacy. Despite the advantages that insecticides offer, it is imperative to recognize the potential consequences on non-target species, the environment, and human health. It is therefore crucial to follow recommended label instructions and employ integrated pest management practices for the judicious use of insecticides. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the various types of insecticides, including their modes of action, physiological targets, environmental and human health impacts, and alternatives. The aim is to furnish a comprehensive overview of insecticides and to emphasize the significance of responsible and sustainable utilization.
The control of insect pests and the need for increased food production due to the world population growth, together with the environmental issues associated to synthetic pesticides, has stimulated the development of new and "greener" alternatives, based on natural compounds. Eugenol is a natural compound that is the major component of clove oil. It has demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, being also a powerful insecticide. Recently, new eugenol derivatives have been developed, with some molecules displaying increased insecticide activity. One of the difficulties associated to the rational development of new eugenol derivatives with enhanced insecticidal activity lies in the lack of knowledge of the specific protein target responsible for its activity and to the binding conformation of these molecules. Here, we report the application of an integrated molecular modelling-inverted virtual screening protocol of a collection of eugenol derivatives with confirmed insecticide activity against a molecular library of protein targets typically associated with the insecticide activity of natural compounds. The protocol included 6 different scoring functions from popular docking software alternatives. The results consistently show a marked preference for interaction of the eugenol derivatives with the odorant binding proteins (OBPs) in insect species. Interestingly, OBPs have been regarded as promising targets in the insect periphery nerve system for environmental-friendly approaches in insect pest management. The present results provide clues for the rational development of new eugenol derivatives as bioinsecticides targeting OBPs.
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