Neuroprotective effect of ketamine on acute spinal cord injury in rats

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ketamine during acute spinal cord injury in rats. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (N = 70) were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated (N = 10), control (N = 30), and treatment (N = 30) groups. The moderate spinal cord injury model was established. After injury, the sham-operated group received no drug, the treatment group received intraperitoneal ketamine injections, and the control group received intraperitoneal normal saline injections. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and spinal cord malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed, and nerve cell apoptosis was evaluated in each group at varying time points. After spinal cord injury, TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells among 2500 cells significantly increased (P < 0.05). Further, compared with the control group, the treatment group showed significantly lower TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels, and fewer TUNEL-positive cells among 2500 cells at each time point (P < 0.05). Our data indicate that ketamine exerts a neuroprotective effect on injured spinal cord.

Ginsenoside-Rb1 for Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

“…Currently, isoflurane has been suggested as a replacement for chloral hydrate, because it is easy to administer and to titrate, has a rapid onset and recovery period, an adequate and reproducible anesthesia depth, minimal cardiac depression, and ethical considerations (Maud et al, 2014). Although previous studies demonstrated that anesthetics including ketamine, isofl urane, and halothane had potential neuroprotective effects (Kapinya et al, 2002;Xiong et al, 2003;Kitano et al, 2007b;Wang et al, 2008;Deng et al, 2014;Tang et al, 2015), isoflurane can be an appropriate anesthetic agent when establishing the MCAO model (Kitano et al, 2007a).…”

Clinical significance of interleukin‑6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ketamine‑induced cystitis

“…Given the present data and those of previous studies, it may be concluded that inflammatory markers are expressed differently between various types of ketamine-treated cells ( 48 ). Numerous studies regarding antidepressants and neural pathways have indicated that ketamine is associated with the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 ( 36 , 49 ). In addition, the expression of IL-6 was positively correlated with the migration of vascular SMCs ( 50 ).…”

A Review of Nonanesthetic Uses of Ketamine

“…In another study of 66 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, (S)-ketamine infusion (with a mean dose of 2.8 ± 1.4 mg/kg/hour) significantly decreased the incidence of spreading depolarizations [142]. While the role of ketamine in spinal cord injury has been shown in animal models [143,144], this has not yet been translated to human research.…”