“…In vitro studies have shown that isoflurane potentiates glycine receptor (GlyR) currents (Downie et al, 1996; Harrison et al, 1993; Mascia et al, 1996), the GABA receptor (GABAR) (Harrison et al, 1993; Lin et al, 1993; Mihic et al, 1994) and the glutamate-selective kainate receptor (Dildy-Mayfield et al, 1996; Minami et al, 1998), while inhibiting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) (Forman and Raines, 1998). Studies have also demonstrated that isoflurane has an effect on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (de Sousa et al, 2000; Franks, 2008; Ishizaki et al, 1995; Kuroda et al, 1993; Martin et al, 1995). On the other hand, ketamine does not affect the GlyR or the GABAR (Yamakura et al, 2000, 2001a) and only has a small inhibitory effect on the nAChR (Wachtel and Wegrzynowicz, 1992).…”