Neuropharmacological profile of the young chick

Studies on the Functional Role of Adenosine 3', 5'-Monophosphate, Histamine and Prostaglandin E1 in the Central Nervous System

“…More over, intracerebral administration of compounds to chicks seems an especially suitable method to investigate the effects on the central nervous system of biological substances which are rapidly metabolized in the brain. Other factors in favor of using young chicks rather than mammals are that chicks respond to environmental stimuli and to most neuro pharmacological compounds in a similar way to adult mammals (34)(35)(36)(37) and that their electroencephalogram is similar to that of adults (38).…”

Notes on Abnormal Electroencephalograms in the Telencephalon of the Chicken and Pigeon

“…Garcia-Austt (1954) found that "spontaneous" electrical activity and that produced by strychnine appeared simultaneously at 13 days of incubation in the chick embryo, and that strychnine spikes became of shorter duration and higher amplitude, pointing to a better synchronization of neurons. Spooner and Winters (1966) reported that strychnine sulfate administrated subcutaneously induced slight increase in the amplitude of the spontaneous EEG and no spikes in 5 to 14 day old chicks. Tuge et al (1960) failed to obtain strychnine spikes in the cerebral hemisphere of chickens and pigeons at an age of 3 to 4 days after hatching.…”

On the use of the push-pull cannula as a means of measuring biochemical changes during ongoing behavior

“…There are, howe ve r , limitations concerning interpretation of data derived from such procedures. For example, it has been shown that NE, when given so that it passes the blood-brain barrier (intraventricularly or intravenously into animals with immature blood-brain barriers), produces behavioral depression (Spooner & Winters, 1966;Marley, 1966;Mandell & Spooner, 1968). Furthermore, since regional distribution studies have found unequal concentrations of biogenic amines Glowinski, Axelrod, & Iverson, 1966), the major site of action in the central nervous system is not easily determined for substances producing behavioral changes associated with general alteration of biogenic amines.…”