Neuromuscular stimulation causes muscle phenotype‐dependent changes in the expression of the IGFs and their binding proteins in developing slow and fast muscle of chick embryos

McEntee, Gráinne; Simbi, Bigboy H.; Bayol, Stephanie; Macharia, Raymond; Stickland, N. C.

doi:10.1002/dvdy.20803

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This idea fits with the results of Heywood et al, who demonstrated that artificially increasing embryonic movement by in ovo injection of 4-AP leads to increased numbers of myonuclei at ED20 (Heywood et al, 2005). This may be caused by motility-driven changes in IGF expression in the chick, as has been shown following injection of 4-AP (McEntee et al, 2006). However, there are numerous signalling pathways and other growth factors operating in the chick limb during embryonic development such as the FGF (fibroblast growth factor), Shh (Sonic hedgehog), Wnt and BMP (bone morphogenic protein) signalling pathways, with their associated growth factors, which could also be influenced by either temperature or mechanical stretch (reviewed in Duprez, 2002).…”

Section: Temperature and Increased Embryonic Movement Leads Tosupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The effects of increased motility on chick development have been less well characterized, although treatment of embryos with the hyperactivity-inducing drug 4-AP led to increased chick body mass at ED15 and ED16, along with increased tibial length at these times, although the differences were not significant at ED20 (Heywood et al, 2005). Similar experiments showed that the balance of insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) can be altered in leg muscles by motility-inducing drugs (McEntee et al, 2006). It is interesting that our temperature experiments have yielded results that closely correlate with the results of inducing motility.…”

Section: Temperature and Embryonic Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In ovotemperature manipulation influences embryonic motility and growth of limb tissues in the chick (Gallus gallus)

Hammond

Simbi

Stickland

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY The chick embryo, developing in the egg, is an ideal system in which to investigate the effects of incubation environment on the development of the embryo. We show that raising the temperature of the eggs by just one degree,from 37.5°C to 38.5°C, during embryonic days (ED) 4–7 causes profound changes in development. We demonstrate that embryonic movement is significantly increased in the chicks raised at 38.5°C both during the period in which they are at the higher temperature but also 4 days after their return to the control temperature. Concomitant with this increase in embryonic activity, the embryos raised at higher temperature grow to significantly heavier weights and exhibit significantly longer leg bones (tibia and tarsus)than the controls from ED12 onwards, although mineralization occurs normally. Additionally, the number of leg myonuclei is increased from ED12 in the embryos raised at the higher temperature. This is likely to promote greater leg muscle growth later in development, which may provide postural stability to the chicks posthatch. These changes are similar to those seen when drugs are injected to increase embryonic activity. We therefore believe that the increased embryonic activity provides a mechanism that can explain the increased growth of leg muscle and bone seen when the eggs are incubated for 3 days at higher temperature.

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Section: Temperature and Increased Embryonic Movement Leads Tosupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Temperature and Embryonic Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

In ovotemperature manipulation influences embryonic motility and growth of limb tissues in the chick (Gallus gallus)

Hammond

Simbi

Stickland

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Direct manipulations include the in-ovo injection of growth hormones or factors (e.g. insulinlike growth factor), amino acids, carbohydrates or neuromuscular active drugs into the embryos or its embryonic membranes (Kocamis et al, 1998;Heywood et al, 2005;Uni et al, 2005;McEntee et al, 2006;Pitsillides, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the incubation temperature between embryonic day 7 and 10 has no influence on the growth and slaughter characteristics as well as meat quality of broilers

Werner

Wecke

Liebert

et al. 2010

Animal

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Avian embryogenesis can be manipulated by alteration of the temperature during incubation of the brooding egg. Investigations in turkeys showed that a higher temperature during early embryogenesis positively affects the myogenesis accompanied with a higher muscle fibre number (MFN). The aim of this study was to transfer this result to broiler and to investigate if an alteration of the temperature also affects the meat quality after slaughter of the birds. Therefore brooding eggs of the Cobb 500 broiler genetic were either incubated at 37.5°C during the whole incubation period (at normal temperature (NT)), or at 38.5°C during embryonic day (ED) 7 to 10 (at high temperature (HT)). After hatch the chicks were sexed and reared up to an age of 36 days in an experimental stable. Growth and feed conversion properties were determined during this period. After slaughter different meat quality characteristics as well as the muscle microstructure were analysed. The hatch rate and chick weight did not differ between the broiler of the NT and HT group. After 36 days the final body weights and the cumulative feed conversion rates were not different in the NT and HT groups. No differing results were obtained with regard to the slaughter, breast and leg weights of the NT and HT animals. Considering the gender of the animals no differences in the slaughter characteristics could be determined although the carcass and breast weights of the HT cocks were tendentially higher. The muscle fibre areas and MFNs in the breast muscles of the NT and HT cocks did not differ significantly and were in the range of the HT hens. Only the NT hens had significantly larger muscle fibres and less MFN than the other animals. With regard to the meat quality characteristics no clear differences of the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and colour (L*a*b*) values were found. The L*a*b* values in the investigated breast muscles of all broilers usually increased during ageing. The increase of the incubation temperature had no impact on the hatch, growth, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of the broiler except for the tendentially higher carcass and breast weights of the HT cocks. However, the decrease of the fibre areas in the HT hens is an interesting effect of using a higher incubation temperature, which needs to be considered when implicating further investigations.

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“…Fibre number and oxidative capacity were also increased in the Musculus semitendinosus (ST) of the stimulated chicks before hatching (Heywood et al, 2005). Neuromuscular stimulation caused muscle phenotype-dependent changes in the expression of the IGFs and their binding proteins in developing slow and fast muscle of chicken embryos (McEntee et al, 2006). In addition, in chicken Musculus pectoralis the mRNA expression of the PTEN gene, an inhibitor of cell signalling, increased with age, whereas the protein levels of PTEN and its activity were considerably decreased between E18 and d43 stages, suggesting its involvement in myogenesis (Vaudin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Critical Timings and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in research on the prenatal development of skeletal muscle in animals in relation to the quality of muscle-based food. I. Regulation of myogenesis and environmental impact

Rehfeldt

Pas

Wimmers

et al. 2011

Animal

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Skeletal muscle development in vertebrates – also termed myogenesis – is a highly integrated process. Evidence to date indicates that the processes are very similar across mammals, poultry and fish, although the timings of the various steps differ considerably. Myogenesis is regulated by the myogenic regulatory factors and consists of two to three distinct phases when different fibre populations appear. The critical times when myogenesis is prone to hormonal or environmental influences depend largely on the developmental stage. One of the main mechanisms for both genetic and environmental effects on muscle fibre development is via the direct action of the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor (GH–IGF) axis. In mammals and poultry, postnatal growth and function of muscles relate mainly to the hypertrophy of the fibres formed during myogenesis and to their fibre-type composition in terms of metabolic and contractile properties, whereas in fish hyperplasia still plays a major role. Candidate genes that are important in skeletal muscle development, for instance, encode for IGFs and IGF-binding proteins, myosin heavy chain isoforms, troponin T, myosin light chain and others have been identified. In mammals, nutritional supply in utero affects myogenesis and the GH–IGF axis may have an indirect action through the partitioning of nutrients towards the gravid uterus. Impaired myogenesis resulting in low skeletal myofibre numbers is considered one of the main reasons for negative long-term consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. Severe undernutrition in utero due to natural variation in litter or twin-bearing species or insufficient maternal nutrient supply may impair myogenesis and adversely affect carcass quality later in terms of reduced lean and increased fat deposition in the progeny. On the other hand, increases in maternal feed intake above standard requirement seem to have no beneficial effects on the growth of the progeny with myogenesis not or only slightly affected. Initial studies on low and high maternal protein feeding are published. Although there are only a few studies, first results also reveal an influence of nutrition on skeletal muscle development in fish and poultry. Finally, environmental temperature has been identified as a critical factor for growth and development of skeletal muscle in both fish and poultry.

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Neuromuscular stimulation causes muscle phenotype‐dependent changes in the expression of the IGFs and their binding proteins in developing slow and fast muscle of chick embryos

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

In ovotemperature manipulation influences embryonic motility and growth of limb tissues in the chick (Gallus gallus)

In ovotemperature manipulation influences embryonic motility and growth of limb tissues in the chick (Gallus gallus)

Increasing the incubation temperature between embryonic day 7 and 10 has no influence on the growth and slaughter characteristics as well as meat quality of broilers

Advances in research on the prenatal development of skeletal muscle in animals in relation to the quality of muscle-based food. I. Regulation of myogenesis and environmental impact

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