Neuromuscular Cervical Spine Model for Whiplash

Pontius, Uwe R.; Liu, Y. K.

doi:10.4271/760770

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 14 publications

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“…Many numerical models have incorporated more anatomical detail and include 20 or more muscle pairs (Reber and Goldsmith, 1979;Williams and Belytschko, 1983;Luo and Goldsmith, 1991;Vasavada et al, 1998;Van Ee et al, 2000;Chancey et al, 2003;Brolin and Halldin, 2004). Some numerical models include only the passive muscle response (Huston et al, 1978;Yang et al, 1998;Stemper et al, 2004), whereas others use a constant maximal or submaximal activation strategy (Deng and Goldsmith, 1987;Schneider and Bowman, 1978;de Jager et al, 1996;Vasavada et al, 1998;Van Ee et al, 2000) or reflexively-activated muscles (Pontius and Liu, 1976;Williams and Belytschko, 1983;vander Vorst et al, 1997;Brolin and Halldin, 2004). Despite this complexity, most numerical models with active muscles lump anterior and posterior muscles into flexor and extensor groups and then use similar activation intensities for all muscles within a group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromyography of Superficial and Deep Neck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and Reflex Contractions

Siegmund

Blouin

Brault³

et al. 2006

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Increasingly complex models of the neck neuromusculature need detailed muscle and kinematic data for proper validation. The goal of this study was to measure the electromyographic activity of superficial and deep neck muscles during tasks involving isometric, voluntary, and reflexively evoked contractions of the neck muscles. Three male subjects (28-41 years) had electromyographic (EMG) fine wires inserted into the left sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidus muscles. Surface electrodes were placed over the left sternohyoid muscle. Subjects then performed: (i) maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) in the eight directions (45 deg intervals) from the neutral posture; (ii) 50 N isometric contractions with a slow sweep of the force direction through 720 deg; (iii) voluntary oscillatory head movements in flexion and extension; and (iv) initially relaxed reflex muscle activations to a forward acceleration while seated on a sled. Isometric contractions were performed against an overhead load cell and movement dynamics were measured using six-axis accelerometry on the head and torso. In all three subjects, the two anterior neck muscles had similar preferred activation directions and acted synergistically in both dynamic tasks. With the exception of splenius capitis, the posterior and posterolateral neck muscles also showed consistent activation directions and acted synergistically during the voluntary motions, but not during the sled perturbations. These findings suggest that the common numerical-modeling assumption that all anterior muscles act synergistically as flexors is reasonable, but that the related assumption that all posterior muscles act synergistically as extensors is not. Despite the small number of subjects, the data presented here can be used to inform and validate a neck model at three levels of increasing neuromuscular-kinematic complexity: muscles generating forces with no movement, muscles generating forces and causing movement, and muscles generating forces in response to induced movement. These increasingly complex data sets will allow researchers to incrementally tune their neck models' muscle geometry, physiology, and feedforward/feedback neuromechanics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromyography of Superficial and Deep Neck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and Reflex Contractions

Siegmund

Blouin

Brault³

et al. 2006

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Injury to the Thoraco-Lumbar Spine and Pelvis

King¹

1993

Accidental Injury

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Mathematical Modelling of Muscle Effect on the Kinematics of the Head-Neck Complex in a Frontal Car Collision: A Parameter Study

Wittek

Kajzer

1998

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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A 2-dimensional multibody model of the head-neck complex with muscle elements was developed to estimate the influence of muscles on the kinematics of the head-neck complex in a frontal car collision. With this model the authors evaluated how strongly the calculated influence of muscles depends on 3 important factors: (a) impact severity, (b) reflex time, and (c) parameters that determine characteristics of different components of the muscle model. When muscles were triggered at the beginning of impact, the maximum angle of the head flexion was decreased by the muscles by 40% in a frontal collision with an acceleration of 15g. The influence of muscles was significant for reflex times lower than 60 (80) ms. The calculated influence of muscles was not sensitive to most parameters of the muscle model.

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Neuromuscular Cervical Spine Model for Whiplash

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Electromyography of Superficial and Deep Neck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and Reflex Contractions

Electromyography of Superficial and Deep Neck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and Reflex Contractions

Injury to the Thoraco-Lumbar Spine and Pelvis

Mathematical Modelling of Muscle Effect on the Kinematics of the Head-Neck Complex in a Frontal Car Collision: A Parameter Study

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