Neural correlates of temporality: Default mode variability and temporal awareness

Resting State Activity and the "Stream of Consciousness" in Schizophrenia--Neurophenomenal Hypotheses

“…Most interestingly, recent studies report decoupling between functional connectivity and low-frequency fluctuations as well as frequency-band specific decreases in variability of neural activity in anterior midline regions in schizophrenia. Overall, these findings suggest alterations in midline resting state activity in schizophrenia what Lloyd described as "dynamic temporal network," 28 which one would assume to lead to alterations in temporal continuity and flow of neural activity (see in what follows).…”

Do cortical midline variability and low frequency fluctuations mediate William James’ “Stream of Consciousness”? “Neurophenomenal Balance Hypothesis” of “Inner Time Consciousness”

“…Lloyd was able to ask which patterns of voxels-that is, brain regions-contained the most information that the machines had used (see (Lloyd, 2012). In other words, he determined which brain regions were most responsible for encoding elapsed time in their BOLD activity insofar as removal of the activity variance in those regions from the machines' training most negatively impacted the accuracy of their predictions in testing.…”

“…Resting state activity in cortical midline regions 2.1. Neuronal findings Ia: investigation of temporality in the brain's resting state activity Lloyd (2002), and especially Lloyd (2012) sought to investigate correlates of temporality in neural activity recorded by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the resting state. A subject might lie aware in a static situation with no specific stimuli, not engaged in any specific task (any of which could involve active time-based cognition in some respect), and in particular not purposefully monitoring the passage of time-in short, in the resting state.…”

“…Instead of comparing task-versus non-task periods and resting state as a whole, he compared the neuronal changes from one image/scan to the next subsequent image/scan across both task-and resting-state periods. Thereby, depending on what is called ''repetition time in imaging,'' the images/scans were parsed 2-3 seconds apart from each other, and comparing them allowed him to account for their difference in activity levels (see Lloyd, 2012).…”

Complementarity of Space and Time in Distance Representations

“…In sociology, lengthening and shortening of subjective temporal experience was investigated by Flaherty (1993Flaherty ( , 1999, who found that when the density of conscious 10 Music is only conceivable as consisting of extended moments, melodies, and phrases, which inter-connect individual musical elements. An intuitive example of temporality in music was presented by Dan Lloyd (2010): "As Paul McCartney lands on 'Jude', the 'Hey' is retained though no longer sensed. Likewise, as 'Jude' sounds, we anticipate something to follow ('Don't make it bad', if one knows the song, or something less definite.)…”