Schizophrenia is associated with altered temporal frequency and spatial location of the default mode network. The authors hypothesized that this network may be under- or overmodulated by key regions, including the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. In addition, the altered temporal fluctuations in patients may result from a change in the connectivity of these regions with other brain networks.

Functional brain imaging offers new opportunities for the study of that most pervasive of cognitive conditions, human consciousness. Since consciousness is attendant to so much of human cognitive life, its study requires secondary analysis of multiple experimental datasets. Here, four preprocessed datasets from the National fMRI Data Center are considered: Hazeltine et al., Neural activation during response competition; Ishai et al., The representation of objects in the human occipital and temporal cortex; Mechelli et al., The effects of presentation rate during word and pseudoword reading; and Postle et al., Activity in human frontal cortex associated with spatial working memory and saccadic behavior. The study of consciousness also draws from multiple disciplines. In this article, the philosophical subdiscipline of phenomenology provides initial characterization of phenomenal structures conceptually necessary for an analysis of consciousness. These structures include phenomenal intentionality, phenomenal superposition, and experienced temporality. The empirical predictions arising from these structures require new interpretive methods for their confirmation. These methods begin with single-subject (preprocessed) scan series, and consider the patterns of all voxels as potential multivariate encodings of phenomenal information. Twenty-seven subjects from the four studies were analyzed with multivariate methods, revealing analogues of phenomenal structures, particularly the structures of temporality. In a second interpretive approach, artificial neural networks were used to detect a more explicit prediction from phenomenology, namely, that present experience contains and is inflected by past states of awareness and anticipated events. In all of 21 subjects in this analysis, nets were successfully trained to extract aspects of relative past and future brain states, in comparison with statistically similar controls. This exploratory study thus concludes that the proposed methods for "neurophenomenology" warrant further application, including the exploration of individual differences, multivariate differences between cognitive task conditions, and exploration of specific brain regions possibly contributing to the observations. All of these attractive questions, however, must be reserved for future research.

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Turfgrass is an integral component of the urban and suburban landscape and plays a key role in water quality and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen (N) is the mineral nutrient most limiting for turfgrass growth and development and is often applied as fertilizer to maintain adequate soil levels. Rising energy and subsequent N costs and environmental concerns have pressured turfgrass managers to schedule N applications to maximize N use efficiency. Late-fall N fertilization for coolseason turfgrass is a widely accepted practice among turf managers, with application rates ranging from 49 to 98 kg N ha^^ and accounting for 25 to 50% of annual N applied. Reported benefits from late-fall N fertilization include improved color In fall and spring without stimulation of shoot growth, improved rooting in late fall and early spring, carbohydrate accumulation in late fall, and the ability to delay or avoid fertilizing in the spring. However, research supporting these benefits in cool-season turfgrass is limited and has yielded mixed results. Much of this work was conducted in relatively warm or temperate coastal climates and may not be applicable to cooler temperature regimes of more northern climates. More recent research has indicated a greater potential for nitrate leaching losses from late-fall N due to cooler temperatures reducing plant uptake and microblal immobilization of N. This literature review finds that the often cited physiological and agronomic benefits of applying late-fall N applications are poorly supported by peer-reviewed research, with the exception of fall and spring color responses. More climate-specific research on plant utilization and response to fall-applied N is necessary to determine appropriate N rates and optimal timings for this highly specific application.