Net energy levels of reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets for heavy pigs

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different net energy (NE) levels of diets with reduced crude protein (CP) that were supplemented with amino acids on feeding behavior, performance and carcass characteristics of heavy pigs (100-130 kg). Pigs were randomly allocated to experimental groups under a randomized complete block design with initial body weight as the blocking criterion. There were 5 treatments (NE levels: 2300, 2388, 2475, 2563 and 2650 Kcal NE/kg, as-fed basis) with 13 pigs per treatment, and the animal was the experimental unit. The diets were based on corn, soybean meal and wheat bran. CP levels were similar between diets and approximately 2% below the requirement (13.9%). Pigs were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Electronic feeder systems automatically recorded the visits to the feeders, the timing of meals, and the amount of feed consumed per meal. Based on these recorded data, daily feed intake was calculated and feeding behavior was evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the pigs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Net energy levels did not affect the average daily feed intake (P > 0.05) but did influence the feeding behavior of the pigs. The pigs fed the 2388, 2475 and 2563 kcal NE/kg diets had fewer (P < 0.05) daily meals than those fed the 2300 and 2650 kcal NE/kg diets. Thus, these animals occupied the feeders for less time daily (P < 0.05) compared to those fed the 2300 and 2650 kcal NE/kg diets. The average daily NE intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing NE; however, average daily gain did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. There was a quadratic relationship (P < 0.01) between feed efficiency and increasing NE levels. The feed efficiency of pigs fed the 2563 kcal NE/kg diet did not differ (P > 0.05) from that of pigs in the 2388 and 2475 kcal NE/kg treatments, but was 9% higher (P < 0.05) than in the 2300 and 2650 kcal NE/kg treatments. Furthermore, loin depth and loin eye area did not change significantly (P > 0.05) when NE levels increased from 2300 to 2650 kcal NE/kg in the diets. However, a linear effect (P < 0.01) was observed for hot carcass yield and a trend toward a quadratic effect (P < 0.10) for hot carcass weight, backfat thickness and lean percentage. Among the studied levels, 2388, 2475 and 2563 kcal NE/kg produced the best results for reduced CP diets fed to heavy pigs because the pigs occupied the feeders for less time and showed higher feed efficiency.

Effect of Castration Type and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Sex Hormones and Metabolites, and Carcass Quality of Heavy Male Pigs

“…Several authors reported similar carcass weights by increasing dietary energy [7,8,27] or decreasing CP and lysine of the diet [59][60][61], although Wood et al [62] did observe that pigs fed low-CP and -AA levels had lighter carcasses than those fed high levels. Regarding carcass yield, some reports [26,27] show a linear increase as dietary energy content increased, which could be explained because low-energy diets have more fiber content, and an increase in fiber intake increases gastrointestinal tract weight, reducing carcass yield [63]. In the present study, the difference in fiber content between the control and the high-energy diet was not enough to carry out a significant increase of the gastrointestinal tract weight.…”

“…For the overall period in which the diets were tested (from around 80 to 137 kg BW), ADG was similar for all groups (p = 0.439). There is some unanimity in the literature [8,25,26] about the lack of effect of increasing dietary energy concentration on ADG in heavy pigs. This finding could be explained because the growth rate of pigs fed the high-energy level could be limited by the less lysine intake [27].…”

Effects of different standardized ileal digestible lysine: net energy proportion in growing and finishing pigs

“…Actually, Campbell & Taverner [21] employed iso-energetic feeds with various protein contents and observed no dissimilarity in ADFI. Also, other researcher reported that NE content in diets did not influence the ADFI in finishing pigs [22] and NE content with low CP did not cause influence on whole daily feed intake in growing pigs [4]. For nutrient digestibility, He et al [23] showed that 6% reduction of dietary CP indicated the highest ileal digestibility of CP and amino acid (AA).…”

The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems

“…2, −1.4%) of dietary NE on ADG, but a rather significant effect on NE intake. Other studies have also reported improvements in caloric efficiency when dietary NE is reduced [ 26 , 41 , 42 ]. The unexpected effect on NEE might be attributed to an additional effect of fibrous ingredients, such as wheat middlings, by limiting physical satiety [ 13 , 43 ] or to an underestimation or overestimation of the NE value of some ingredients [ 26 , 36 ].…”