Nematotoxic and phytotoxic activity of Satureja montana and Ruta graveolens essential oils on Pinus pinaster shoot cultures and P. pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vitro co-cultures

Abstract

a b s t r a c tSatureja montana (winter savory) and Ruta graveolens (rue) nematotoxic essential oils (EOs) (0.5 l EO/ml culture medium) were assessed for the first time in Pinus pinaster in vitro shoot cultures (Ppi) and P. pinaster shoots with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus co-cultures (PpiBx). The EOs nematotoxic effect was evaluated on B. xylophilus population density in PpiBx co-cultures and the phytotoxic activity to the host was assessed by evaluating relative water content and volatile profiles both on Ppi cultures and on PpiBx co-cultures. Carvacrol-rich S. montana EO showed phytotoxicity, by inducing shoot chlorosis and drooping, whereas no major morphological changes were detected on R. graveolens EO-added Ppi and PpiBx in vitro cultures. Both EOs maintained the nematotoxicity during all experimental phases. R. graveolens EO proved to be an effective PWN antagonist to be further evaluated for pine wilt disease control, given its less phytotoxicity while maintaining nematoxicity.

Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils on Selected Weeds: Potential Hazard on Food Crops

“…Related to their phytotoxicity, both carvacrol and thymol have shown total suppression of the seed germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus , Chenopodium album , and Rumex crispus [39], coinciding with our authors [27] and also with previous [40] studies, in which oregano essential oil with 60.42% of carvacrol exhibited a total inhibition of P. oleracea , L. multiflorum , and E. crus-galli at the same in vitro doses assayed. These results indicate that winter savory is an effective broad-spectrum herbicide as it occurs with glyphosate that also exerts inhibitory effects on the seed germination of crops, such as wheat ( Triticum durum L.), pea ( Pisum sativum L.), lettuce ( Latuca sativa L.) [41], and even trees, for instance Pinus pinaster , in which it is able to induce in vitro shoot chlorosis and drooping [42]. So, this formulate could be an alternative to glyphosate with less environmental and human health problems.…”

Bioactivity of Ruta graveolens and Satureja montana Essential Oils on Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots and Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots with Meloidogyne chitwoodi Co-cultures

“…The pure fraction (153 mg), obtained as an oil, was reduced with NaBH 4 (1:1.2 w/w) to synthesize the respective alcohol, 8phenyl-2-octanol, that was characterized and identified by NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS spectrometry. 1D NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, and APT) and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, and COSY) spectra were recorded on Bruker spectrometer CXP400 operating at 400.13 MHz ( 1 H) and 100.61 MHz ( 13 C). All chemical shifts are given at ppm and using CD 2 Cl 2 signals as reference (δ = 5.30 ppm).…”

“…When added to Pinus pinaster shoot cultures and P. pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vitro co-cultures, S. montana EO also demonstrated a high phytotoxic activity, inducing shoot chlorosis and wilting while maintaining nematotoxic activity. 13 Ruta graveolens Essential Oil Bioactivity. Growth of StHR and StHR/CRKN co-cultures was completely inhibited after R. graveolens EO addition, the root tips turning dark brown (Figure 1d).…”

“…12 These EOs have shown diverse behaviors when added to Pinus pinaster shoot cultures and P. pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vitro co-cultures. 13 Using previously established S. tuberosum hairy roots (StHR) and S. tuberosum hairy roots with M. chitwoodi co-cultures (StHR/CRKN), 10 the present work aimed at assessing R. graveolens and S. montana EOs nematotoxicity and phytotoxicity by evaluating nematode population density in the cocultures medium as well as growth and volatile profiles of both in vitro culture types.…”

Identification of Nematicidal Constituents of Notopterygium incisum Rhizomes against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Meloidogyne incognita

“…Plants are a prominent source of new nematicidal chemicals, since many plants have been reported to possess nematicidal activities [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. A series of nematicidal substances of plant origin such as triglycerides, sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoids, monoterpenoids, and flavonoids have been identified [3,4,8,9,10,15,16,17,18,19].…”