Neighborhood sexual violence moderates women's perceived safety in urban neighborhoods

Hoffman, Erin; Mair, Tanisha T. M.; Hunter, Bronwyn A.; Prince, Dana M.; Tebes, Jacob Kraemer

doi:10.1002/jcop.21917

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The police do not take part in interdicting the launch of missiles or posing obstacles in their way, however they are the first responders and hold overall responsibility for handling the scenes of missile landings; their bomb treat the remains of the missiles; and Police Officers are responsible for directing traffic and crowds around the scene and assisting local residents. In the latest study done in American urban cities, some of the perceived violence includes rape, assault, fighting with weapons, gang fights and robberies or muggings (Hoffman, Mair, Hunter, Prince & Tebes, 2018). The research findings are that men and women in the high crime urban cities did not have any difference in the way they perceived safety and violence which was around them.…”

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confidence: 75%

Leadership Style and Occupational, Safety and Health of Police Officers in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Kelwon

2020

JOHRL

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The purpose of this study was to determine how leadership style affects the occupational, safety and health of Police Officers in Nairobi City County, Kenya. In this study, data was collected from Police Officers which were the main study population. The study chose Nairobi City County where all the police stations were covered. The target population was 4,000 Police Officers which included commanding officers to have a sample size of 200. They were sampled through simple random sampling. First a 10 percent of all 33 police stations in Nairobi and the Police Officers there in were initially used for a pilot study. In the police stations which had remained, a sample of 5 percent of Police Officers and a commanding officer in each station were studied. Data from the respondents were collected by the use of questionnaires. The study was carried out on Police Officers who were on duty but after permission had been sought from relevant authorities. It was based on a simple random sampling research method where each officer had a chance of being chosen. Every officer commanding a police station was chosen. Each respondent was explained the importance of the study, that it was done freely with their willingness, at a convenient location, the questionnaires were to be collected and kept with confidence. Each respondent was requested to confirm in writing, affirmative action or signing a document without indicating a name that the study was done with their approval. Through these modes of data collection, every population was well represented as a sample. The study used Cronbach Alpha Coefficient to test on reliability of instruments. The validity of research instruments was also tested. The computer software SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the collected data. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis. Data was then presented in the form of figures, tables and charts. Through factor analysis, all the eight statements of the variable under study were retained for they were above 0.5. The response rate of the responds was 75.5% which is acceptable. It was found out that 36.4% of the Police Officers had worked in the National Police Service for 6 to 10 years and majority of them, 82.1% were married. The four leadership styles found to be affecting the occupational, safety and health of Police Officers in Nairobi City County, Kenya were; transformational, autocratic, democratic and charismatic leadership styles. It was found out that 84.5% of the leaders of Police Officers were visionary, 60.2% valued the constitution and see it as a protector and supporter of their occupational safety and health. In fact, 85.5% and 61.6% see Kenya Human Rights and OSHA respectively as valuable Acts. Key Words: Leadership style, Occupational Safety, Health of Police officers, Nairobi County

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confidence: 75%

Leadership Style and Occupational, Safety and Health of Police Officers in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Kelwon

2020

JOHRL

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“…In an Australian sample, women reported an average of one encounter of stranger harassment every 2 days over a 7-day period (Holland, Koval, Stratemeyer, Thomson, & Haslam, 2017). These objectively high rates of sexual violence and harassment against women may explain why women consistently report greater threats to physical safety than men do (Harris & Miller, 2000; Hoffman, Mair, Hunter, Prince, & Tebes, 2018).…”

Section: Gender Sexual Violence and Stranger Harassmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory.

Calogero

Tylka

Siegel

et al. 2021

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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that everyday encounters with sexual objectification carry a diffuse nonspecific sense of threat that engenders personal safety anxiety in women. In this article, we provide direct evidence for this tenet across 5 studies and 1,665 participants using multiple methods. Study 1 (N ϭ 207) and Study 2 (N ϭ 161) explored and confirmed the factor structure of the Personal Safety Anxiety and Vigilance Scale (PSAVS), a measure of personal safety anxiety, and provided evidence for the reliability and construct validity of its scores. Study 3 (N ϭ 363) showed that personal safety anxiety is a conceptually different construct for women and men, and differentially mediated the relation between sexual objectification and restricted freedom of movement and the relation between self-objectification and restricted freedom of movement for women and men. Study 4 (N ϭ 460) included a comprehensive test of personal safety anxiety within an expanded Objectification Theory model, which supported personal safety anxiety as a mediator of the links from sexual and self-objectification to women's restricted freedom of movement. Study 5 (N ϭ 474) replicated these results while also adjusting for specific fears of crime and rape. Our findings offer a newly validated assessment tool for future research on safety anxiety, illuminate the real and lasting sense of threat engendered by everyday sexual objectification, and broaden understanding of the mental and physical constraints on women's lived experiences posited in Objectification Theory.

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“…Since this item refers to the subjective well‐being, the present result supports the studies of Bedin and Sarriera (2015) and Santos, Sarriera, and Bedin (2018) who also found significant differences for sex, with Brazilian adolescent boys presenting higher averages of subjective well‐being than girls, being the last one in a more vulnerable place. Although conducted with adults, a study found that women's perceptions of neighborhood sexual violence predicted perceived safety in their neighborhood, but men's did not, illustrating the importance of taking gender and perceived sexual violence into account to understand neighborhood safety (Hoffman, Mair, Hunter, Prince, & Tebes, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of safety and subjective well‐being of Brazilian children

Sarriera

Bedin

Strelhow

2020

Journal Community Psychology

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Neighborhood sexual violence moderates women's perceived safety in urban neighborhoods

Abstract: Perceptions of neighborhood safety are positively associated with perceptions of neighborhood violence. However, research has yet to examine whether this relationship is moderated by specific types of violence, such as sexual violence, that are more salient for women.

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

Leadership Style and Occupational, Safety and Health of Police Officers in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Leadership Style and Occupational, Safety and Health of Police Officers in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory.

Perceptions of safety and subjective well‐being of Brazilian children

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