Negative intercepts in the Heckel analysis of the crude extract of Vernonia galamensis: A major setback of the equation

Abstract

Introduction:The dry powdered leaf of Vernonia galamensis (Asteraceae) has been used by traditional herbalists in northern Nigeria to treat diabetes mellitus. However, medicinal plants used in folk medicine have no standard dose or acceptable method of formulation. In this study therefore, the leaves of Vernonia galamensis (Asteraceae) were extracted, evaluated for pharmacological activity and formulated into tablets. Materials and Methods: The extract was found to be highly hygroscopic and deliquescent, therefore the following efflorescent diluents; aerosil® 200 (GmbH, Meggle, Germany), avicel PH 101 (Honey Well and Stein, UK), and anhydrous calcium phosphate (BDH chemicals, England) were used. The wet granulation method was employed for the tablet formulation and the compaction characteristics of the granules were determined using the Heckel equation. Results and Conclusions: Negative intercepts were a setback to the use of the Heckel equation due to the resulting negative values of D A and D B . This makes it difficult to explain the compaction characteristics of the crude extract. AbstractAccess this article online Quick Response Code: Website: www.pnrjournal.com

Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Ficus vasta Gum as a Binder in Tablet Formulation

“…Crushing strength-friability ratio (CS/FR) and CS/FR to disintegration time ratio (CS/FR : DT) can be used to evaluate the mechanical strength and the quality of the tablets in terms of strength-release balance. A higher CS/FR and CS/FR : DT ratios indicate a stronger tablet and a better balance between mechanical strength and disintegration properties, respectively [ 84 ]. The CSFR/DT, commonly known as disintegration efficiency ratio, is recommended as a better tablet quality indicator as it simultaneously evaluates the tablet's strength (crushing strength) and its weakness (friability).…”

Centrapalus pauciflorus: Review of its Medicinal uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties

“…In Ethiopia, the leaves of C. pauciflorus are used as traditional medicines for external injury and wounds [21], while leaf decoction of the species is used against diabetes in Nigeria [ [22][23][24] (Table 1). In Kenya, the juice of C. pauciflorus is applied topically as a remedy for eye problems [25] and leaf decoction of the species is used as a herbal medicine for stomach problems [20].…”

“…The phytochemical compounds that have been identified from the aerial parts, leaves, roots, seeds and seed oil include coumarins, essential oils, fatty acids, flavonol glycosides, phenolic acids, sterols, sesquiterpene lactones and triterpenoids (Table 3). Other phytochemical compounds identified from the flowers, leaves and roots of C. pauciflorus include alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyuronoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids [22,[32][33][34]. Some of these phytochemical compounds isolated from the species may be responsible for the biological activities of the species.…”

“…Autamashih et al [22] evaluated the hypoglycemic activities of aqueous extracts of C. pauciflorus leaves on alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats at the stepping doses of 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg at time intervals of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours with metformin 28.6 mg/kg as the standard antidiabetic drug. A dose of 700 mg/kg of the crude extract caused the maximum reduction in blood glucose level of 82.7%, which was higher that 73.6% exhibited by metformin [22].…”

A review on antimicrobial potential of species of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae)

“…V. galamensis is found in Africa and has added commercial value because the oil extracted from its seeds has important medicinal use for treating diabetes and other organic dysfunctions (Autamashih et al, 2011). These oils have high vernolic acid content, an unsaturated fat composed of triglycerides such as the trivernolin, present as the major constituent ( Figure 2).…”