Natural organic matter fouling due to foulant–membrane physicochemical interactions

Direct observation of bacterial deposition onto clean and organic-fouled polyamide membranes

“…Both BSA and AA have been used extensively to represent the more complex proteinaceous and heteropolysaccharide materials present in surface water and wastewater effluents [25,31,32]. Surface energy parameters of organics were determined by measuring contact angles of filtered lawns prepared on a nanofiltration membrane in a stirred, dead-end filtration cell.…”

“…After the entire volume of solution was filtered, the membrane was carefully removed and dried for $24 h before measuring contact angles as described above. Zeta potential was determined from the measured electrophoretic mobility of each macromolecule suspended in the test electrolyte as describe above [32,33].…”

Chlorine for Water Disinfection: Properties, Applications and Health Effects

“…The flux of NF membranes was related to their hydrophobicity and charges. Fouling by NOM adsorption was an important factor in hydrophobic and positively charged membranes, whereas it was negligible for hydrophilic and negatively charged membranes (Lee et al 2007). Many factors affect membrane fouling by natural organic matter (NOM), including the nature of the NOM (size, hydrophobicity, and charge), the membrane (hydrophobicity, charge, and surface roughness), the solution (pH, ionic strength, hardness ion concentration) and the hydrodynamic systems (solution flux, surface shear) (Taniguchi et al 2003;Farahbakhsh et al 2004).…”

Multiple MFI measurements for the evaluation of organic fouling in SWRO desalination

“…All the membranes were stored in deionized (DI) water at 4-7°C and rinsed regularly prior to use. The detailed characteristics of this membrane can be found elsewhere [23,24].…”