Natural infection with canine distemper virus in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

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130

In that outbreak, 46 monkeys died from severe pneumonia during a quarantine period. A CDV strain (CYN07-dV) was isolated in Vero cells expressing dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). Phylogenic analysis showed that CYN07-dV was closely related to the recent CDV outbreaks in China, suggesting continuing chains of CDV infection in monkeys. In vitro, CYN07-dV uses macaca SLAM and macaca nectin4 as receptors as efficiently as dog SLAM and dog nectin4, respectively. CYN07-dV showed high virulence in experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys and excreted progeny viruses in oral fluid and feces. These data revealed that some of the CDV strains, like CYN07-dV, have the potential to cause acute systemic infection in monkeys.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first outbreak occurred in 1989 in Japan (14). Twenty-two Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in the wild were captured and later shown to have CDV infections.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008

Sakai

Nagata

Ami

et al. 2013

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130

“…In addition, CDV has also been reported to infect javelinas (13) and was recently detected in rodents (14). A natural outbreak with CDV in nonhuman primates was first reported in 1989 when 22 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed in an animal research facility seroconverted to CDV (15). More recently, dramatic outbreaks in breeding colonies of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in China and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Japan were described (16,17).…”

Section: Anine Distemper Virus (Cdv) Is a Member Of The Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Vries

Ludlow

Verburgh

et al. 2014

Measles virus (MV) is being considered for global eradication, which would likely reduce compliance with MV vaccination. As a result, children will grow up without MV-specific immunity, creating a potential niche for closely related animal morbilliviruses such as canine distemper virus (CDV). Natural CDV infection causing clinical signs has never been reported in humans, but recent outbreaks in captive macaques have shown that CDV can cause disease in primates. We studied the virulence and tropism of recombinant CDV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in naive and measles-vaccinated cynomolgus macaques. In naive animals CDV caused viremia and fever and predominantly infected CD150 ؉ lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Virus was reisolated from the upper and lower respiratory tracts, but infection of epithelial or neuronal cells was not detectable at the time points examined, and the infections were self-limiting. This demonstrates that CDV readily infects nonhuman primates but suggests that additional mutations are necessary to achieve full virulence in nonnatural hosts. Partial protection against CDV was observed in measles-vaccinated macaques, as demonstrated by accelerated control of virus replication and limited shedding from the upper respiratory tract. While neither CDV infection nor MV vaccination induced detectable cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, MV-specific neutralizing antibody levels of MV-vaccinated macaques were boosted by CDV challenge infection, suggesting that cross-reactive VN epitopes exist. Rapid increases in white blood cell counts in MV-vaccinated macaques following CDV challenge suggested that cross-reactive cellular immune responses were also present. This study demonstrates that zoonotic morbillivirus infections can be controlled by measles vaccination. IMPORTANCEThroughout history viral zoonoses have had a substantial impact on human health. Given the drive toward global eradication of measles, it is essential to understand the zoonotic potential of animal morbilliviruses. Morbilliviruses are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral virus that jumped species and adapted to new hosts. Recently, canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus normally restricted to carnivores, caused disease outbreaks in nonhuman primates. Here, we report that experimental CDV infection of monkeys resulted in fever and leukopenia. The virus replicated to high levels in lymphocytes but did not spread to epithelial cells or the central nervous system. Importantly, like measles virus in macaques, the infections were selflimiting. In measles-vaccinated macaques CDV was cleared more rapidly, resulting in limited virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract. These studies demonstrate that although CDV can readily infect primates, measles immunity is protective, and CDV infection is self-limiting.

“…On the other hand, nectin-4, another morbillivirus receptor (8)(9)(10), is highly conserved in its amino acid sequence among different mammals and, thus, may play only a minor role in determining the host specificity of morbilliviruses (11,12). Recently, however, CDV outbreaks have emerged in a variety of mammals, including nonhuman primates, and showed high mortality rates (11,(13)(14)(15). The repeated lethal CDV outbreaks in monkeys in recent years clearly demonstrate that CDV is now a real threat for monkeys (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Canine Distemper Virus Associated with a Lethal Outbreak in Monkeys Can Readily Adapt To Use Human Receptors

Sakai

Yoshikawa

Seki

et al. 2013

A canine distemper virus (CDV) strain, CYN07-dV, associated with a lethal outbreak in monkeys, used human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule as a receptor only poorly but readily adapted to use it following a P541S substitution in the hemagglutinin protein. Since CYN07-dV had an intrinsic ability to use human nectin-4, the adapted virus became able to use both human immune and epithelial cell receptors, as well as monkey and canine ones, suggesting that CDV can potentially infect humans.