Natural History of HumanCalicivirusInfection: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

We investigated the natural history of human Calicivirus infection in the community. Clinical information was obtained from 99 subjects infected with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) and 40 subjects infected with Sapporo-like viruses (SLV) in a prospective, community-based cohort study. NLV infection was common in all age groups, whereas SLV infection was mainly restricted to children aged <5 years. Symptoms lasted for a median of 5 and 6 days for NLV and SLV infections, respectively. Disease was characterized by diarrhea during the first 5 days (87% of patients with NLV infection and 95% of patients with SLV infection) and vomiting on the first day (74% for NLV and 60% for SLV). Vomiting was less common in children aged <1 year (59% for NLV and 44% for SLV) than it was among children aged >/=1 year (>75% for NLV and >67% for SLV). Overall, NLV was detected in 26% of patients up to 3 weeks after the onset of illness. This proportion was highest (38%) for children aged <1 year. SLV shedding subsided after 14 days. These data show that the durations of disease and viral shedding of caliciviruses are longer than has been described elsewhere. Therefore, the impact of these infections may have been underestimated.

Hospitalization due to norovirus and genotypes of rotavirus in pediatric patients, state of Espírito Santo

“…The average number of hospitalization days for NoV and RV infections was similar for both in this study, close to five days, as also reported by Rockx et al (2002) in a prospective study about the natural history of calicivirus infection. The duration of NoV infection was previously determined to be short (1-3 days); however, reports of sporadic cases have shown longer periods (Atmar & Estes 2006).…”

“…Clinical reports describe vomit as an important manifestation for both RV and NoV infection, but less than we observed (Estes et al 2001, Kapikian et al 2001, Rockx et al 2002. While Rockx et al (2002) described that vomit was less common in NoV-infected children aged < 1 year (59%), 85.7% of the patients in the present study, also infected with NoV at this same age group, presented vomit. Our results are also in contrast with those reported in children infected with NoV at a hospital in Rio de Janeiro that reported vomit in 33.3% of the cases (Victoria et al 2007).…”

“…Thus, NoV-associated diseases can last longer than they were previously recognized. Some reports give further evidence that the duration of symptoms reduces with increasing age (Rockx et al 2002). On the other hand, Lee et al (2007) provides information on higher viral concentration with prolonged diarrhea (≥ 4 days).…”

Pathogenesis of a Genogroup II Human Norovirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs

“…Detection of fecal virus shedding was short (1 to 4 days by RT-PCR, but longer by amplicon hybridization, through PID 8). Longer asymptomatic shedding has been described in some normal humans, where 28% of infected individuals shed virus for up to 3 weeks after the onset of disease (38). Similar results were observed in a trial involving pigtail macaques inoculated with Toronto virus (HuNoV GII/3) (45).…”

Sapovirus prevalence in children less than five years of age hospitalised for diarrhoeal disease in South Africa, 2009–2013

“…Sapoviruses have been associated with diarrhoea (95% of patients) and vomiting (60% of patients), with clinical symptoms lasting a median of six days in community-based studies in the Netherlands [18]. However, SaVs have also been associated with asymptomatic infections and were detected in 28.6% (16/56) of children in a day-care study in Brazil [19].…”