Natural Course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus Immunoglobulin after Infection

Tso, Eugene Y. K.; Tsang, Owen Tak Yin; Lam, B; Ng, Tak Keung; Lim, Wonjae; Lai, Thomas Sik To

doi:10.1086/424573

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…The development of the humoral response coincides temporally with disease progression and clinical deterioration (while viral load starts to decrease) (Hsueh et al, 2003;Nie et al, 2004;Peiris et al, 2003a). Also patients with very mild disease have relatively low antibody titres detected, and a less-sustained response Lee et al, 2003a;Tso et al, 2004;Wilder-Smith et al, 2005). Similar phenomena have been observed in other viral diseases (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Lee

Chan

et al. 2006

Journal of Clinical Virology

128

121

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Lee

Chan

et al. 2006

Journal of Clinical Virology

128

121

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“…The duration of the immune response to SARS‐CoV was investigated in 25 studies 8,12‐16,33,36,38,42,50,51,53,56,58,59,63,66,69,74,78,80,95,96,109 . Sample sizes ranged from two 53 to 311 27 participants and the maximum follow‐up was 17 years 8 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response following infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review

Murchu

Byrne

Walsh

et al. 2020

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We also retrieved studies on SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV to assess the long‐term duration of antibody responses. A protocol based on Cochrane rapid review methodology was adhered to and databases were searched from 1/1/2000 until 26/5/2020. Of 4744 citations retrieved, 102 studies met our inclusion criteria. Seventy‐four studies were retrieved on SARS‐CoV‐2. While the rate and timing of IgM and IgG seroconversion were inconsistent across studies, most seroconverted for IgG within 2 weeks and 100% (N = 62) within 4 weeks. IgG was still detected at the end of follow‐up (49‐65 days) in all patients (N = 24). Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 92%‐100% of patients (up to 53 days). It is not clear if reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2 is possible, with studies more suggestive of intermittent detection of residual RNA. Twenty‐five studies were retrieved on SARS‐CoV. In general, SARS‐CoV‐specific IgG was maintained for 1‐2 years post‐infection and declined thereafter, although one study detected IgG up to 12 years post‐infection. Neutralizing antibodies were detected up to 17 years in another study. Three studies on MERS‐CoV reported that IgG may be detected up to 2 years. In conclusion, limited early data suggest that most patients seroconvert for SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific IgG within 2 weeks. While the long‐term duration of antibody responses is unknown, evidence from SARS‐CoV studies suggest SARS‐CoV‐specific IgG is sustained for 1‐2 years and declines thereafter.

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“…A 2004 study proved that IgG antibodies were still found in the patients' blood 60 days following SARS-CoV infection. In contrast, IgM levels dropped quickly and were not detectable after 77 days [11]. This research showed a significant drop (at least 5 times) in immunoglobulin titers in 9 months.…”

Section: Lessons For Protective Titer Antibodies Against Other Sars-covmentioning

confidence: 54%

Immune titers of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: are we there yet?

Slabakova

Gerenska²,

Ivanov

et al. 2022

Explor Immunol

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A few pieces of research exist about the protective titer against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2) in monkeys and humans in which the protection could be shown as dose-dependent. Early studies supposed that higher levels of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) against SARS-CoV-2 can potentially correlate with the protection to consequent infection. The data so far showed that cellular immunity is as essential as the humoral one. If needed, its presence can be beneficial if the titer of immunoglobulins is not optimal. It is also known that the immune response to the vaccine is similar to the one after natural infection with a production of very high naturalization titers antibodies. However, medical community is still unaware of the immunoglobulin titer needed for protection against the virus. The answers to the questions regarding correlates of protection are yet to be discovered. Still, no studies indicate a specific virus-Nab titer, so one can assume a patient is protected from being infected in the future. The evoked immunological response is indeed encouraging, but a future investigation is needed. Nonetheless, it remains a mystery how long the immunity lasts and whether it will be enough to shield the patients in the long run. Therefore, identifying immune protection correlations, including neutralization titer of antibodies and T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2, could give a clue. Unfortunately, recent studies in the field have been more controversial than concise, and the data available is far from consensus.

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Natural Course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus Immunoglobulin after Infection

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Immune response following infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review

Immune titers of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: are we there yet?

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