Immune titers of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: are we there yet?

Slabakova, Yoanna; Gerenska, Dilyana; Ivanov, Nedelcho; Velikova, Tsvetelina

doi:10.37349/ei.2022.00033

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In adults, long-term persistence of T-cell responses has been reported for both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, suggesting that decreasing antibody titers may not mean loss of immunity. Therefore, the relationship between the measured antibodies levels and the durability of the protection still remains elusive [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Immunology Of Mis-cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular, Antibody and Cytokine Pathways in Children with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and MIS-C—Can We Match the Puzzle?

et al. 2022

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The newly identified strain of the Coronaviridae family called severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) recently became the most significant health threat for adults and children. Some main predictors of severe clinical course in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are age and concomitant health conditions. Therefore, the proper evaluation of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity is urgently required to understand and predict the spectrum of possible clinical phenotypes and recommend vaccination options and regimens in children. Furthermore, it is critical to characterize the nature of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in children following asymptomatic infection and COVID-19 and other related conditions such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), para-infectious and late postinfectious consequences. Recent studies involving children revealed a variety of cytokines, T cells and antibody responses in the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, different clinical scenarios in children were observed-asymptomatic seroprevalence, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and rarely severe COVID-19 with typical cytokine storm, MIS-C, long COVID-19, etc. Therefore, to gain a better clinical view, adequate diagnostic criteria and treatment algorithms, it is essential to create a realistic picture of the immunological puzzle of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different age groups. Finally, it was demonstrated that children may exert a potent and prolonged adaptive anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response, with significant cross-reactions against other human Corona Viruses, that might contribute to disease sparing effect in this age range. However, the immunopathology of the virus has to be elucidated first.

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Section: Immunology Of Mis-cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular, Antibody and Cytokine Pathways in Children with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and MIS-C—Can We Match the Puzzle?

et al. 2022

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“…The adaptative response consists of antibodies (IgA, IgM, and IgG) [4,12,14]. Another important component during the fight against viral infection is the cytokines, which act in the establishment of intercellular communication [1,[15][16][17].…”

Section: The Function Of Essential Elements In the Immune Activity Ag...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Nutritional importance of trace elements in available treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection are now widely available [15,17,54]. For example, a variety of vaccines produced by different technologies have been developed and are being applied to prevent severe cases of COVID-19 [17,54].…”

Section: Role Of Others Trace Elements In Antiviral Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential elements as critical players against SARS-CoV-2 activity

Jesus¹

2022

JIOMICS

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Background: SARS-CoV-2 virus is currently one of the main causes of death worldwide. Several studies have suggested that various trace elements play a vital role in the immune activity during viral infection, being an important tool to understand the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its systemic behavior, which affects different organs. Purpose: To summarize recent studies that report the effect of trace elements on the immune system and their role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection, presenting potential biochemical routes. Method: The main databases (ScienceDirect®, Scopus®, PubMed®) were consulted to search for works published up to October 2022, focusing on the role of trace elements in the immune activity against viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: Many elements can act both in the activation of the host’s immune activity and in the survival of the virus since these processes occur with the participation of essential metals to guarantee the integrity of their functions. However, the relationship between trace elements and viral infection is complex, and requires further studies, mainly, focusing on the systemic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: The Function Of Essential Elements In the Immune Activity Ag...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection are now widely available [15,17,54]. For example, a variety of vaccines produced by different technologies have been developed and are being applied to prevent severe cases of COVID-19 [17,54].…”

Section: Nutritional Importance Of Trace Elements In Available Treatm...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vol 12 NO. 2 (2022)

Capelo¹

2022

JIOMICS

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Background: SARS-CoV-2 virus is currently one of the main causes of death worldwide. Several studies have suggested that various trace elements play a vital role in the immune activity during viral infection, being an important tool to understand the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its systemic behavior, which affects different organs.Purpose: To summarize recent studies that report the effect of trace elements on the immune system and their role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection, presenting potential biochemical routes.Method: The main databases (ScienceDirect®, Scopus®, PubMed®) were consulted to search for works published up to October 2022, focusing on the role of trace elements in the immune activity against viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: Many elements can act both in the activation of the host's immune activity and in the survival of the virus since these processes occur with the participation of essential metals to guarantee the integrity of their functions. However, the relationship between trace elements and viral infection is complex, and requires further studies, mainly, focusing on the systemic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Immune titers of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: are we there yet?

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Cellular, Antibody and Cytokine Pathways in Children with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and MIS-C—Can We Match the Puzzle?

Cellular, Antibody and Cytokine Pathways in Children with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and MIS-C—Can We Match the Puzzle?

Essential elements as critical players against SARS-CoV-2 activity

Vol 12 NO. 2 (2022)

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