Nanotechnology-enabled Chemodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy

Abstract

: High-level reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to exert a robust anti-tumor effect by inducing cell apoptosis or necroptosis. Based on the Fenton reaction or Fenton-like reaction, a therapeutic strategy (i.e., chemodynamic therapy (CDT)) is proposed, where hydroxyl radicals (•OH) that are one typical ROS via the spontaneous activation by endogenous stimulus can be produced to kill tumors. Moreover, high-level ROS can also facilitate tumor-associated antigen exposure, which benefits phagocytosis of corpses and debris by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells (DCs)) and further activates systematic immune responses. Great efforts wherein nanotechnology is underlined have been made in interdisciplinary communities to witness the development of this field. To provide a comprehensive understanding of CDT, the state of art of strategies on nanotechnology-enabled CDT is discussed in detail. In particular, the combination of CDT and its augmented immunotherapy against tumor for overcoming the poor outcome that mono-CDT suffers from is highlighted. Moreover, the potential challenges will also be discussed.

Nanomaterials-Based Tumor Microenvironment Modulation for Magnifying Sonodynamic Therapy

“…They highlight reactive oxygen species (ROS) activated by exogenous or endogenous triggers as antitumor action sources. 5 ROS are a double-edged sword that aggravates inflammation progression but benefits the expansion and differentiation of stem cells and represses tumor growth. 6 SDT is a noninvasive tumor treatment method stemming from PDT, but it is preferable to PDT because it has a deeper penetration for treating deeply seated tumors.…”

“…As a major threat to human health, tumors impose great physical, psychological, and economic burdens on patients with malignant tumors, and traditional methods suffer from severe side effects, harsh conditions of application, and high drug resistance. − Regarding this, some new antitumor regimens or attempts with independence on tumor type, noninvasiveness, and high safety have been developed, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). They highlight reactive oxygen species (ROS) activated by exogenous or endogenous triggers as antitumor action sources . ROS are a double-edged sword that aggravates inflammation progression but benefits the expansion and differentiation of stem cells and represses tumor growth. − SDT is a noninvasive tumor treatment method stemming from PDT, but it is preferable to PDT because it has a deeper penetration for treating deeply seated tumors.…”

Noninvasive remote-controlled nanomedicine by using electric field stimulation for in vivo effective cancer therapy

“…[1][2] The smart drug delivery systems (DDSs) are kind of promising strategies for timed, targeted, and quantitative administration in cancer therapy. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Stimuli-responsive nanomedicines are of particular advantages for precision administration which respond to the specific stimuli signals applied on the pathological site. [7][8][9] Stimuli-response systems are essential to realizing these functions of DDSs.…”

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8] Stimuli-responsive nanomedicines are of particular advantages for precision administration which respond to the specific stimuli signals applied on the pathological site. [7][8][9] Stimuli-response systems are essential to realizing these functions of DDSs. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Many promising stimuli-response systems have been developed by employing their chemical reactive property or physical signal responsibility to achieve executable functionality [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] responding to electric fields [20][21][22] or visible light, [23][24][25] pH, [26][27][28][29][30] and others.…”

“…3–8 Stimuli-responsive nanomedicines are of particular advantages for precision administration which respond to the specific stimuli signals applied on the pathological site. 7–9 Stimuli-response systems are essential to realizing these functions of DDSs. 10–15…”